P1 Revision Booklet

Universe

Easy (Grade D/E)

Q1.Starting with the smallest, list the following in order of increasing size.
 
Universe	Earth	Milky Way	Sun	

Smallest .............................................................
      .............................................................
      .............................................................
Largest ...............................................................
(2)

(b)     Stars pass through different stages during their life cycle.
The diagram shows the forces acting on the Sun during the stable stage of its life cycle.

Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.
During the stable stage of the Sun’s life cycle, the forces pulling inwards
 
 	smaller than	 	
are	equal to	the forces pushing outwards.	
 	bigger than	 	

(1)

(c)     During its life cycle, the Sun will never go through a supernova stage but the star Mira will.
(i)      What is a supernova?
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)     Explain why the Sun will not go through the supernova stage but the star Mira will.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
 Q2.          Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct words from the box. Each word may be used once or not at all.
 
dwarf                   giant                    neutron                 proton            supernova	

          If a red ..............................................star is large enough, it may eventually blow
          up in an explosion called a ....................................................., leaving behind a very
          dense .............................................. star.
(Total 3 marks)
 Q3.          Light is given out by the Sun and a distant galaxy.
(a)     Compared to the light from the Sun, the light from the distant galaxy has moved towards the red end of the spectrum.

(i)      What name is given to this effect?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)     Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the line in the box that is correct.
The fact that light from a distant galaxy seems to move towards the red end of
 
the spectrum gives scientists evidence that	galaxies are shrinking
galaxies are changing colour
the universe is expanding	 	

(1)

(b)     Scientists have a theory that the universe began from a very small point and then exploded outwards.

(i)      What name is given to this theory?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)     Which statement gives a reason why scientists think that the universe began with an explosion?
Put a tick () in the box next to your choice.
At the moment it is the best way of explaining our scientific knowledge.        
It can be proved using equations.                                                                    
People felt the explosion.                                                                                 
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
 Q4.          (a)     Choose the best words from the box to complete the following sentences.
 
             billions           fission         friction          fusion          gases
                     gravity            liquids           millions        thousands	

(i)      Stars form when enough dust and .................................................................... from
         space are pulled together by ........................................................................... .
(2)

(ii)     Stars are able to give out energy for millions of years by the process of
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)     The Sun is one of many ........................................................ of stars in our galaxy.
(1)

(b)     What is the name of our galaxy?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
Q5.          Scientists have observed that the wavelengths of the light given out from galaxies that are moving away from the Earth are longer than expected.
(a)     (i)      What name is given to this observation?
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)     Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the following sentence.

This observation gives evidence for the idea that the Universe is	shrinking.
not changing.
expanding.	

(1)

(b)     The graph shows that there is a link between the speed at which a galaxy moves away from the Earth and the distance of the galaxy from the Earth.
                                   
The positions of three galaxies, A, B and C, are marked on the graph.
From which galaxy, A, B or C, would the wavelength of the light reaching the Earth 
seem to have changed the most?
Galaxy .............................................
Give a reason for your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
 Q6.          A school is near a busy road. A car travels past the school at high speed.

Photograph supplied by Design Pics/Thinkstock
 
The students notice that the sound of the car engine seems to change as the car travels past the school. A teacher says that this is an example of the Doppler effect. The students decide to study the sound they hear from passing cars.
(a)     (i)      Give one risk the students should consider when doing their study.
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)      As a car travels towards the students, the frequency of the sound the students hear is different to the frequency of the sound they would hear if the car was stationary.
Draw a ring around the correct answer in the box to complete the sentence.
 
 	decreased.	
Compared to the sound from the stationary car, the frequency has	increased.	
style='height:3.0pt'> 	become quieter.	

(1)

(b)     In the same way as the sound from the car engine changes, the light from most galaxies also seems to have a change in observed frequency. This is called red-shift.
(i)      The diagram shows four galaxies, P, Q, R and S. The arrows show the direction the galaxies are moving relative to the Earth.

Which one of the galaxies is moving the fastest?
 
Write the correct answer in the box.		

Which one of the galaxies will produce the biggest red-shift?
 
Write the correct answer in the box.		

(2)

(ii)     Most scientists support a theory that the Universe began from a very small initial point. Red-shift can be used as evidence for this theory.
What name is given to the theory that the Universe began from a very small initial point?
........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)     Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) provides more evidence for this theory. CMBR is detected coming from space.
Where does CMBR come from?
Tick () one box.
 
CMBR only comes from near the Sun.		
CMBR comes from all parts of the Universe.		
CMBR only comes from the Moon.		

(1)

(iv)    Which statement gives the reason why most scientists support the theory that the Universe began from a very small initial point?
Tick () one box.
 
The evidence proves it happened.		
There is no other way of explaining how the Universe began.		
At the moment it is the best way of explaining our scientific knowledge.	    	

(1)
(Total 7 marks)
 Q7.        (a)      The diagram shows the lifecycle of a star.
(i)     Use words or phrases from the box to complete the sentences contained in the diagram.
 
black dwarf	black hole	protostar	red giant	

	
Gas and dust are pulled together to form a
......................................................
The star gives out energy as a main sequence star.
The star expands forming a ....................................
The star shrinks to form a white dwarf.
The star fades away as a ......................................	

(3)
(ii)     The table compares the approximate size of three stars with the size of the Sun.
 
Star	Size	
Alpha Centauri A	the same as the Sun	
Betelgeuse	1120 times bigger than the Sun	
Cephei	1520 times bigger than the Sun	

Which one of these three stars has the lifecycle shown in part (a)(i)?
............................................................
Give a reason for your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)

(b)     Which one of the following describes the process by which energy is given out in stars?
Tick () one box.
Atomic nuclei inside the star join together.		
Atomic nuclei inside the star split apart.		
Gases inside the star burn.		

(1)
(Total 6 marks)
 Q8.The diagram shows part of the lifecycle of a very large star.
Use words or phrases from the box to complete the sentences contained in the diagram.
 
black hole	red supergiant	supernova	white dwarf	

(Total 3 marks)
 Q9.          (a)     Scientists use telescopes to observe stars and galaxies.
Some telescopes are on Earth, but some are on satellites in space.
Why do telescopes in space give better images than telescopes on the Earth?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     Scientists have observed that the wavelengths of the light given out from galaxies that are moving away from the Earth are longer than expected.
(i)      What name is given to this observation?
Put a tick () in the box next to your answer.
 blue-shift
		
green-shift_		
red-shift_		

(1)

(ii)     Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.
  	shrinking.	
This observation gives evidence for the idea that the universe is	not changing.	
 	expanding.	

(1)

(c)     Use the graph to answer the following questions.

(i)      What is the link between the speed that a galaxy moves away from the Earth and the distance between the galaxy and the Earth?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)    The positions of three galaxies, A, B and C, are marked on the graph.
From which galaxy, A, B or C, would the wavelength of the light reaching the Earth seem to have changed the most?
                                                                 Galaxy .................................
Give a reason for your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
 Universe-Mark scheme
M1.          (a)     Earth
Sun
Milky Way
Universe
all four in correct order
allow 1 mark for Earth and Universe in correct places
2

(b)     equal to
1

(c)     (i)      explosion (of a star) 
ignore implosion
1

(ii)     only very massive stars become supernova
1

Mira large enough but sun too small
allow 1 mark for each statement
Sun too small to give a supernova
or
Mira large enough to give a supernova
1
[6]
 
M2.          giant
1
          supernova
1
          neutron
1
[3]
 M3.          (a)     (i)      red shift
1
accept Doppler effect
(ii)     the universe is expanding
1

(b)     (i)      big bang
1
(ii)     at the moment it is the best way of explaining............
1
[4]
 M4.          (a)     (i)      gases (1)
         gravity (1)
correct order essential for credit
2
(ii)     fusion
1
(iii)     billions
1

(b)     Milky Way
u.c. initials not essential
1
[5]
 M5.          (a)     (i)      red-shift
1

(ii)     expanding
1

(b)     C
1
it is furthest from the Earth
or
it is furthest away
or
it has the largest red-shift
or
it is moving (away) the fastest
only score if C is chosen
1
[4]
M6.          (a)     (i)     any suitable risk
eg being injured by a car
accept a measure to reduce the risk eg
stand well away from edge of pavement
stay on school grounds / don’t go onto the street
be aware of the dangers of traffic
car travelling at high speed is insufficient
1
(ii)     increased
1

(b)     (i)      S
1
S
1

(ii)     big bang (theory)
1
(iii)    CMBR comes from all parts of the Universe
1
(iv)    At the moment it is the best way of explaining our scientific knowledge
1
[7]
 M7.         (a)       (i)     protostar
correct order only
1

red giant 
1

black dwarf 
1

(ii)     Alpha Centauri A
accept any correct indication, eg alpha, centauri, A
reason only scores if Alpha Centauri A is chosen
1

stars (about) same size as Sun form white / black dwarfs
or
very large stars form red super giants / supernova/black hole
it is the same size as the Sun is insufficient
same life cycle as the Sun is insufficient
1

(b)     Atomic nuclei inside the star join together
1
[6]
M8.          red supergiant
1

supernova
1

black hole
1
[3]
M9.          (a)     any one from:
•        above the atmosphere
accept no atmospheric pollution
•        no clouds in the way
•        no light pollution
answers in terms of being closer to space negate
answers in terms of looking at the Earth negate
1

(b)     (i)      red-shift
1

(ii)     expanding
1

(c)     (i)      as one gets bigger the other gets bigger
accept (directly) proportional
accept positive correlation
1

(ii)     C 
1

it is furthest from the Earth
only scores if C is chosen
or
it is furthest away
or
has the largest red-shiftor
it is moving (away) the fastest
1
[6]