P1 Revision Booklet

Energy Resources

Hard (Grade B-A*)

Q1.The world’s biggest offshore wind farm, built off the Kent coast, started generating electricity in September 2010.
(a)     The graph shows how wind speed affects the power output from one of the wind turbines.

In one 4-hour period, the wind turbine transfers 5600 kilowatt-hours of electrical energy.
Use the equation in the box and the data in the graph to calculate the average wind speed during this 4-hour period.
 
energy transferred     =    power    ×    time	

Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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                          Average wind speed = ........................................ m/s
(3)

(b)     The wind turbines are linked to the National Grid by underwater cables.
(i)      What is the National Grid?
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(1)

(ii)     How is the National Grid designed to reduce energy losses during transmission?
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(1)

(c)     Read this extract from a newspaper.

Explain one way in which the islanders could try to ensure that a similar power crisis does not happen in the future.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
 Q2.          There is an increasing demand for electricity and the reserve of fossil fuels is decreasing. A way to meet increasing demand for electricity is to build new nuclear power stations. Some people feel that no new nuclear power stations should be built because of the risks associated with nuclear fuels.
(a)     Outline the arguments that a scientist working in the nuclear power industry could use to justify the building of more nuclear power stations in the future.
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(3)

(b)     Nuclear waste is a problem that must be dealt with. One possible solution would be to bury the waste deep underground.
          Suggest one reason why some people are against burying nuclear waste.
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(1)

(c)     Electricity can also be generated using renewable energy sources.
          Look at this information from a newspaper report.
•  The energy from burning bio-fuels, such as woodchip and straw, can be used 
     to generate electricity.
•  Plants for bio-fuels use up carbon dioxide as they grow.
•  Farmers get grants to grow plants for bio-fuels.
•  Electricity generated from bio-fuels can be sold at a higher price than electricity     generated from burning fossil fuels.
•  Growing plants for bio-fuels offers new opportunities for rural communities.	

          Suggest why, apart from the declining reserves of fossil fuels, power companies should use more bio-fuels and less fossil fuels to generate electricity.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

 

Q3.          (a)     Most electricity in Britain is generated by coal fired power stations.
          Complete the sequence of useful energy transfers which take place in the power station.

(1)

(b)     The diagram shows a wind turbine which is used to produce electricity using energy from the wind.

(i)      What is the source of energy which creates winds?
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(1)

(ii)     Explain the advantage of using a wind turbine to produce electricity.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
 Q4.          The pie charts show the relative proportions of electricity generated in Japan from different energy sources in 1975 and 2005.

(a)     Describe the main differences in the energy sources used in 2005 compared with 1975.
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(1)

(b)     In the UK, nuclear fuels are used to generate about 21% of the total electricity supply.
(i)      What is the name of the process by which a nuclear fuel produces heat?
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(1)

(ii)     Explain how the heat released from a nuclear fuel is used to generate electricity in power stations.
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(2)

(iii)     Some people have suggested that more nuclear power stations should be built in the UK.
         Give two reasons to support this suggestion.
1 ........................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................
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(2)

(iv)    Nuclear power stations create dangerous waste.
         Why is the waste from a nuclear power station dangerous?
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(1)

(c)     A headline from a newspaper article is shown below.
                
          Explain the possible link between climate change and coal-burning power stations.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q5.          The diagram shows a small-scale, micro-hydroelectricity generator which uses the energy of falling river water to generate electricity. The water causes a device, called an Archimedean screw, to rotate.
The Archimedean screw is linked to the generator by a gearbox.

(a)     Each second, the micro-hydroelectricity generator transforms 80 000 joules of gravitational potential energy into 60 000 joules of electrical energy.
(i)      Fill in the missing word to complete the energy transformation diagram.
 
Gravitational potential
energy of the falling water		................................ energy
of the Archimedean screw		Electrical energy
generated	

(1)

(ii)     Use the equation in the box to calculate the efficiency of the micro-hydroelectricity generator.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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                               Efficiency = ............................................................
(2)

(b)     The power output from a conventional large-scale hydroelectric power station is 100 000 times more than the power output from a micro-hydroelectric system.
Give one disadvantage of a conventional large-scale hydroelectric power station compared to the micro-hydroelectric system.
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(1)

(c)     The electricity generated by a micro-hydroelectric system is transferred via a transformer directly to local homes. The electricity generated by a conventional large-scale hydroelectric power station is transferred to the National Grid, which distributes the electricity to homes anywhere in the country.
(i)      What is the National Grid?
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(1)

(ii)     Explain why transferring the electricity directly to local homes is more efficient than using the National Grid to distribute the electricity.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q6.          The pie charts show the relative proportions of electricity generated in Japan from different energy sources in 1975 and 2005.

(a)     Describe and suggest a reason for two differences in the energy sources used in 2005 compared with 1975.
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(2)

(b)     Mining for coal often releases large amounts of methane gas. Methane is both explosive and a greenhouse gas. At the Sihe coal mine in China the methane is diverted to a gas burning power station where it is used to generate electricity.
(i)      A newspaper reported a scientist as saying:
 
If the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere doubles, the average temperature of the Earth will increase by up to 5 °C over the next 100 years.	

What has been stated in the newspaper?
Draw a ring a round your answer.
          a fact                         a guess                       a prediction 
Give a reason for your answer.
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(2)

(ii)     Explain an environmental advantage of taking the methane gas from coal mines and using it to generate electricity.
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(2)

(c)     The average person in Britain uses 1930 kWh of electricity each year. Many people in the world’s poorest countries do not have access to electricity.
Giving examples, explain why electricity is essential for both improving public health and for modern communications.
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)
 Q7.          (a)     The diagram shows a solar powered device being used to recharge a mobile phone.

On average, the solar cells produce 0.6 joules of electrical energy each second.
The solar cells have an efficiency of 0.15.
(i)      Use the following equation to calculate the average energy input each second to the device.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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         Average energy input each second = .................................... J/s
(2)

(ii)     Draw a labelled Sankey diagram for the solar cells.
The diagram does not need to be drawn to scale.

 

(1)

(iii)    Energy from the Sun is stored by a rechargeable battery inside the device.
Suggest one factor that would affect the time it takes to fully charge the battery.
Give a reason for your answer.
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(2)

(b)     Scientists have developed a new type of solar cell with an efficiency of over 40 %.
The efficiency of the solar cell was confirmed independently by other scientists.
Suggest why it was important to confirm the efficiency independently.
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(1)

(c)     The electricity used in homes in the UK is normally generated in a fossil fuel power station.
Outline some of the advantages of using solar cells to generate this electricity.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
 Q8.The map shows the positions of two towns on either side of a very large coastal bay in England. The map also shows where a bridge may be built to link the towns. The road journey from one town to the other is about 60 kilometres at present.

(a)     It is estimated that building turbines and generators inside the legs of the bridge would produce enough electricity for both towns. In addition, enough electricity would be generated to run electric buses over the bridge between the two towns.
(i)      If the bridge is built, what form of renewable energy will be used to generate the electricity?
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(1)

(ii)     Most people living in the area are in favour of the proposed bridge.
Suggest three reasons why people would be in favour of building the bridge and the associated electricity generating scheme.
Reason 1 ..............................................................................................
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Reason 2 ..............................................................................................
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Reason 3 ..............................................................................................
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(3)

(b)     Even with the proposed bridge, the two towns will need to stay connected to the National Grid.
The diagram shows part of the National Grid.

(i)      Give one reason why the towns need to stay connected to the National Grid.
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(1)

(ii)     Explain how the step-up transformer increases the efficiency of the National Grid.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
Q9.          The farmers in a village in India use solar powered water pumps to irrigate the fields.

On average, a one square metre panel of solar cells receives 5 kWh of energy from the Sun each day.
The solar cells have an efficiency of 0.15
(a)     (i)     Use the following equation to calculate the electrical energy available from a one square metre panel of solar cells.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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                     Electrical energy = ................................................... kWh
(2)

(ii)     On average, each solar water pump uses 1.5 kWh of energy each day.
Calculate the area of solar cells required by one solar water pump.
                   Area = ......................................................... square metres
(1)

(b)     Give one reason why the area of solar cells needed will probably be greater than the answer to part (a)(ii).
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
 Q10.          The outline diagram below shows a tidal power generating system.

          Gates in the barrage are open when the tide is coming in and the basin is filling to the high tide level. The gates are then closed as the tide begins to fall.
          Once the tide outside the barrage has dropped the water can flow through large turbines in the barrage which drive generators to produce electrical energy.
          In one second 1.2 × 109 kg of water flows through the turbines at a speed of 20 m/s.

(a)     When used with a water speed of 20 m/s the system has an efficiency of 90% in converting the kinetic energy of the water into electrical energy. Calculate the power output of the generators.
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(2)

(b)     The power output of a coal fired power station is 1000 MW (1 x 109 W).
(i)      Suggest two advantages of coal fired power stations over tidal power generating systems.
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2. .....................................................................................................................
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(ii)     Suggest two advantages of tidal power generating systems over coal fired power stations.
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2. .....................................................................................................................
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(iii)     Suggest and explain one disadvantage of a tidal power generating system.
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(6)
(Total 8 marks)
 Energy Resources-Mark scheme
M1.          (a)     9
allow 2 marks for power = 1400 (kW)
if a subsequent calculation is shown award 1 mark only
or
allow 1 mark for correct substitution and transformation
power = 
allow 1 mark for using a clearly incorrect value for power to read a corresponding correct value from the graph
3

(b)     (i)      system of cables and transformers
both required for the mark
ignore reference to pylons
inclusion of power stations / consumers negates the mark
wire(s) is insufficient
1

(ii)     (uses step-up transformer to) increase pd / voltage
accept (transfers energy / electricity at) high voltage
or
(uses step-up transformer to) reduce current
accept (transfers energy / electricity at) low current
ignore correct references to step-down transformers
1

(c)     build a power station that uses a non-renewable fuel or biofuel
accept a named fuel
eg coal or wood
or
buy (lots of) petrol / diesel generators
1

stockpile supplies of the fuel
accept fuel does not rely on the weather
or
fuel provides a reliable source of energy
accept as an alternative answer idea of linking with the National Grid (1)
and taking power from that when demand exceeds supply (1)
or
when other methods fail
or
when it is needed
answers in terms of using other forms of renewables is insufficient
1
[7]
 M2.          (a)     only accept answers in terms of the argument of the nuclear power scientist any three from:
•        produces a lot of energy for a small mass of fuel or is a concentrated energy source
accept amount for mass
•        it is reliable or it can generate all of the time
•        produces no pollutant gases
accept named gas or greenhouse gases do not accept no pollution
•        produces only a small volume of (solid) waste
accept amount for volume
•        advances in technology will make fuel reserves last much longer
accept an argument in terms of supply and demand
3

(b)     any one from:
•        may leak into the ground / environment
•        geological changes
accept earthquakes etc
•        may get into the food chain
do not accept answers in terms of property prices or ‘damages the environment’
•        over time if location not correctly recorded it may be excavated
1

(c)     any three from:
•        overall add no carbon dioxide to the environment
accept do not add to global warming
accept they are carbon neutral
•        power companies can sell electricity at a higher price
accept power companies make more profit
•        opportunity to grow new type crop
accept specific examples e.g. growing plants in swamps
accept extends the life of fossil fuel reserve
•        more jobs
•        more land cultivated or different types of land utilised
3
[7]
 M3.          (a)     internal or thermal or heat or kinetic or movement
          electrical
both answers required for one mark
1

(b)     (i)      Sun or solar
do not accept sunshine
1

(ii)     any one of the follow:
•        wind turbines produce no (gaseous) pollutants
•        wind turbines use renewable energy
•        wind turbines produce no (solid) waste
•        reduced running costs
do not allow safety
1
a supporting statement or comparison or explanation
1
[4]
 M4.          (a)     decrease in oil
          PLUS
          any one from:
•        increase in (proportion of) coal
•        increase in (proportion of) nuclear
•        increase in (proportion of) gas
must have decrease in (proportion of) oil and increase in (proportion of) coal / nuclear / gas
1

(b)     (i)      (nuclear) fission
accept fision
do not accept any answer that looks like fusion
1

(ii)     water heated to produce (high pressure) steam
1
         steam turns turbine which drives generator
1

(iii)     any two from:
•        produces no pollutant gases
accept named gas or greenhouse gases
accept no atmospheric pollution
accept harmful for pollutant
accept does not contribute to global warming
do not accept no pollution on its own
do not accept better for the environment unless qualified
•        it is reliable or can generate all of the time
•        concentrated energy source or produces a lot of energy from a small mass
•        produces only small volume of (solid) waste
•        fossil fuels will last longer
accept a named fossil fuel
accept fossil fuels are running out
do not accept fossil fuels are non-renewable unless qualified
•        will need to buy less fuel from other countries
accept no new fossil fuel power stations needed
do not accept it is cheap
do not accept import less electricity
2

(iv)    it is / can be radioactive
do not accept answers in terms of kills cells / cancer
         or emits radiation (from the nuclei)
accept emits gamma (rays)
1

(c)     coal (burning) power stations / burning coal produces carbon dioxide
they refers to coal-burning power stations
accept sulfur dioxide / nitrogen oxides for CO2
1
          (increased) CO2 increases / contributes to / causes global warming /
greenhouse effect
mention of ozone layer negates this mark
do not accept CO2 warms atmosphere
1
[9]
M5.         (a)      (i)     kinetic
accept KE
do not accept movement
1

(ii)     0.75
allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie 
or75 %
an answer 0.75 % or 0.75 with a unit gains 1 mark only
an answer 75 with or without a unit gains 1 mark only
2

(b)     any one from:
•        large areas of land are flooded
uses large areas of land / takes up large areas of land is insufficient
•        people's homes may be destroyed
•        habitat (of animals and plants) lost / damaged
construct is neutral
very noisy is neutral
1

(c)     (i)      system of cables and transformers
both required for the mark
accept power lines / wires for cables
ignore reference to pylons
inclusions of power stations / consumers negates answer
1

(ii)     less energy loss / wasted (in the cables)
accept heat for energy
do not accept no energy loss
do not accept electricity for energy
1

as the cables are shorter
1
[7]
 M6.          (a)     decrease in (proportion of) oil as reserves are decreasing
1
increase in (proportion of) coal / nuclear / gas / as new
reserves / more nuclear power stations built
1
no marks are awarded for simply describing the differences

(b)     (i)      a prediction
1
forecast based on scientific evidence
1

(ii)     less methane goes into the atmosphere
accept air for atmosphere
1
therefore making global warming less rapid
1

(c)     idea that many devices transform electricity into other useful
forms of energy
1
example related to public health eg refrigeration / production of
vaccines / X-ray machines
1
example related to modern communications eg internet / telephones
1
[9]
M7.         (a)      (i)     4
allow 1 mark for correct transformation and substitution
ie 
substitution only scores if no subsequent steps are shown
2

(ii)     diagram showing two output arrows with one arrow wider
than the other with the narrower arrow labelled
electrical / electricity / useful
1

(iii)    any one from:
•    time of day / year
•    position of solar cells
•    angle of solar cells (to the Sun)
•    latitude
•    cloud cover
•    solar cells covered in dust / dirt
accept charger for solar cells
accept any reasonable suggestion that would lead to a change in intensity of sun(light)
the weather is insufficient
do not accept any physical changes to the charger eg area
1

causes a change in intensity of sun(light)
accept brightness for intensity
accept a description of the reduction of intensity
1

(b)     any one from:
•        to check reliability / validity / accuracy
•        to avoid bias
1

(c)     any two from:
•        produce no / less (air) pollution
accept named pollutant
accept produces no waste (gases)
•        energy is free
accept it is a free resource
do not accept it is free
•        (energy) is renewable
•        conserves fossil fuel stocks
•        can be used in remote areas
•        do not need to connect to the National Grid
2
[8]
M8.         (a)      (i)     tidal / tides 
do not accept water / waves
1

(ii)     any three from:
•    shorter journey time
accept easier to go from town to townaccept less petrol / fuel used
•    less pollution from traffic
accept CO2 / carbon emissions reduced
•    energy source is free
•    energy source / tides are predictable
•    produces less / no pollutant gases (than fuel burning power stations)
accept no CO2 / greenhouse gases producedaccept air pollution for pollutant gases
•    conserves supplies of fossil fuels
•    uses renewable energy (to generate electricity)
•    provides employment
•    no visual / noise pollution
less harm to the environment is insufficient
the electricity is cheaper is insufficient
do not accept produces no radioactive waste
the pollution mark scores twice only if it is clear one reference is to traffic and the other is to electricity generation
3

(b)     (i)      (sometimes) electricity demand may be greater
than supply (of electricity from the system)
accept in case turbines / generators fail
or
can sell (excess) electricity (to the National Grid)
1

(ii)     decreases the current
accept increases the voltage
1

reducing energy loss (along cables)
accept less heat / thermal energy lost / produced
1
[7]
M9.         (a)      (i)     0.75 
allow 1 mark for correct transformation and substitution
ie 0.15 = 5
2

(ii)     2 
accept 1.5 ÷ their (a)(i) correctly calculated
1

(b)     any one from:
•        seasonal changes
accept specific changes in conditions
eg shorter hours of daylight in winter
•        cloud cover
accept idea of change
must be stated or unambiguously implied
eg demand for water will not (always) match supply of solar energy
do not accept figures are average on its own
do not accept solar panels are in the shade
1
[4]

M10.          (a)     90% of 2.1011
2.16.1011
2

(b)     (i)      Can be located anywhere
Continuous output
Sustain coal industry
any 2 for 1 mark each

(ii)     Low running cost
No atmospheric pollution
Gives calm coastal waters
any 2 for 1 mark each

(iii)     High installation costs – built in sea
Coast environmental damage – wildlife disturbance
Time dependence – need dropping tide
any 2 for 1 mark each
(1 for a valid disadvantage, 1 for reason)
6
[8]