P1 Revision Booklet

Energy Resources

Easy (Grade D/E)

Q1.           A student has read that a solar cell with a dirty surface will not work as well as a solar cell with a clean surface.
To test the effect of a dirty surface on a solar cell, the student set up the following equipment.

The student put the desk lamp a fixed distance from the solar cell. To represent the effect of a dirty surface, the student covered the surface of the solar cell with pieces of tracing paper. Each time the student added a piece of paper, she measured the output voltage of the solar cell.
(a)     The results taken by the student have been used to draw the graph below.

(i)      One of the results seems to be anomalous.
Draw a ring around the anomalous data point on the graph.
(1)

(ii)     The larger the number of sheets of tracing paper used, the lower the intensity of the light reaching the solar cell.
Draw a ring around the correct answer in the box to complete the sentence.
 
 	a decrease in	
A decrease in the intensity of the light reaching the solar cell causes	no change to	
 	an increase in	

(1)

the output voltage from the solar cell.
(b)     People can buy panels of solar cells to generate electricity for their homes.Any surplus electricity can be sold to the electricity supply company.
(i)      Give one environmental advantage of generating electricity using solar cells rather than generating electricity in a coal-burning power station.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)     A homeowner pays £7600 to have solar panels fitted on the roof of their house.
The homeowner expects to save £950 each year from reduced energy bills and from selling the electricity.
Assuming these figures to be correct, calculate the pay-back time for the solar panels.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
                                 Pay-back time = .................................................. years
(2)

(iii)    Draw a ring around the correct answer in the box to complete the sentence.
 
 	decrease	
Allowing the surface of the solar panels to become very dirty will	not change	
 	increase	

the pay-back time.
(1)

(iv)     Explain your answer to part (b)(iii).
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
 Q2.          Much of the world’s electricity is generated in power stations that burn fossil fuels.
(a)     The bar chart shows the start-up times for the three types of fossil fuel power station.

Which of these power stations would take the longest to start generating electricity?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     Which two of the following statements are good reasons for using fossil fuels to generate electricity?
Put a tick () in the box next to each of your choices.
Supplies of fossil fuels are limited.                                                                   
Fossil fuels can be used to generate electricity at any time.                             
Fossil fuels are non-renewable.                                                                         
A few large power stations can generate the electricity for a million homes.  
Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide.                                                  
(2)

(c)     Electricity can be generated using energy from the wind.

(i)      Why does a wind-powered generator not produce carbon dioxide?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)     Which form of energy is transferred from the wind to generate electricity?
Draw a ring around your answer.
          heat         kinetic          light              sound
(1)

(iii)     Many people say that wind-powered generators are a good idea because:
“when the wind blows they generate electricity”
“they produce no pollution”
“they generate electricity cheaply”
But not everyone wants more wind-powered generators to be built.

         What reasons may be given by the people who think that wind-powered generators are not a good idea?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
 
 What reasons may be given by the people who think that wind-powered generators are not a good idea?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 7 marks)

 

Q3.          (a)     Different energy sources are used to generate electricity.
Which two of the energy sources in the box are likely to be used up first?
Draw a ring around each of your answers.
gas         oil         Sun         tides         waves         wind	

(2)

(b)     The diagram shows a geothermal power station. Hot rocks in the Earth’s crust heat water to produce steam. The steam is used to drive turbines that turn electrical generators.

          How is the way in which a geothermal power station generates electricity the same as the way in which a coal burning power station generates electricity?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)     The graph shows how the temperature of the rocks in the Earth’s crust depends on how far the rocks are below the Earth’s surface.

          Estimate the temperature of the rocks 5 kilometres below the Earth’s surface.

          Show clearly how you have used the graph to get your answer.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
Temperature = ................................................. °C
(2)

(d)     Scientists have estimated that one quarter of the world’s electricity could be generated using geothermal energy.
          Give one reason that scientists might use to persuade a government to spend large amounts of money building geothermal power stations.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
 Q4.          (a)     The block diagram shows the important parts of a coal burning power station.

Use words from the box to complete the block diagram
 
boiler                condenser               furnace            generator	

(2)

(b)     The diagram shows the energy transformations in a coal burning power station.

Calculate the efficiency of the power station.
Write down the equation you use, and then show clearly how you work out your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Efficiency = ............................................
(2)

(c)     Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the following sentence.
If fewer coal burning power stations are used to generate electricity the amount of
 
 	decrease.
not change.
increase.	
carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere will		

(1)

(d)     Some types of power station generate electricity by burning a biofuel.
Give one example of a biofuel.
........................................................................................................................
(1)

(e)     Nuclear power stations generate electricity without burning a fuel.
Name the process by which a nuclear fuel provides the energy needed to generate electricity.
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
 Q5.The world’s biggest offshore wind farm, built off the Kent coast, started generating electricity in September 2010.
(a)     One advantage of using the wind to generate electricity is that it is a renewable energy source.
(i)      Give one other advantage of using the wind to generate electricity.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)     Name one other renewable energy source used to generate electricity.
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     The graph shows how wind speed affects the power output from a large wind turbine.

(i)      What is the maximum possible power output from this wind turbine?
                                                       ........................................................
(1)

(ii)     Read this part of a newspaper article.

Use the graph to explain why the power output from the wind turbines was less than one sixth of the maximum.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)    Having more nuclear power stations will help to avoid power cuts in the future.
Which two of these reasons explain why?
Put a tick () in the boxes next to your answers.
 
A small amount of nuclear fuel generates a large amount of electricity.
		
The radioactive waste produced must be stored for many years._		
Nuclear power stations do not depend on the weather to generate electricity._		

(1)
(Total 6 marks)
 Q6.          (a)     Water waves are a renewable energy source.
          The government wants more electricity to be generated from renewable energy sources. Some people do not think this is a good idea.
          What reasons could a government scientist give to show people that using more renewable energy sources is a good idea?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)     The diagram shows a wave-powered generator. The generator transforms kinetic energy from the waves to electrical energy.

AQA GCSE SCIENCE CORE FOUNDATION STUDENT’S BOOK by Graham Hill,
Nigel Heslop, Christine Woodward,Steve Witney and Toby Houghton. Published by
Hodder and Stoughton 2006 © Reproduced by permission of John Murray (Publishers) Ltd
          The following sentences describe how the wave generator works. The sentences are in the wrong order.
R       Waves push air up and down a chamber inside the building.
S       The turbine turns the generator.
T       The generator transforms kinetic energy to electrical energy.
U       The air rushes through a turbine making it spin.
V       Strong waves move towards the wave-powered generator.
Arrange these sentences in the correct order. Start with letter V.
V		 		 		 		 	

(3)
(Total 5 marks)
 
Q7.          In the UK, most electricity is generated in power stations that burn fossil fuels.
(a)      Which type of fossil fuel power station has the shortest start-up time?
........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)      The diagram shows how electricity is distributed around the UK.

(i)     Which of the parts labelled in the diagram form the National Grid?
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)     A step-up transformer is used near the power station.
Draw a ring around the correct answer in each box to complete each sentence.
 
 	current.	
A step-up transformer increases the	power.	
style='height:0.1pt'> 	voltage.	

 	less dangerous.	
Using a step-up transformer makes the distribution of electricity	more efficient.	
style='height:0.10pt'> 	work faster.	

(2)
(c)     Electricity in the UK is also generated without using fossil fuels.
The graph shows how the percentage of electricity generated in the UK without using fossil fuels changed between 1990 and 2010.

What does the data in the graph suggest will probably happen to the percentage of electricity generated in the UK without using fossil fuels over the next 10 years?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)

(Total 5 marks)
 Q8.          The bar chart shows the different energy sources used to generate the UK’s electricity in 2007.

(a)     (i)      The wind is a renewable energy source.
         Name one more renewable energy source used to generate electricity.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)     Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.
 
 	decrease	 	
Using less fossil fuels to generate electricity will	not change	the	
 	increase	 	

         amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere.
(1)

(b)     The graph shows how the demand for electricity in the UK varied over one day in the winter.

(i)      Describe how the demand for electricity varied between 4.00 am and 10.00 am.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)     Which type of power station has the fastest start-up time?
         Draw a ring around your answer.
         coal             natural gas           nuclear                 oil
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
 Q9.          Wind and tides are renewable energy sources that are used to generate electricity.
(a)     Complete each sentence by putting a tick () in the box next to the correct answer.
(i)      The wind is:
         a predictable energy source.    
         a constant energy source.        
         an unreliable energy source.    
(1)

(ii)     The tides are:
         a predictable energy source.      
         a constant energy source.          
         an unreliable energy source.      
(1)

(b)     If wood is to be used as a renewable energy source, what must be done each time a tree is chopped down?
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)     In the UK, electricity is generated using renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
The graph shows the percentage of electricity generated using renewable energy sources between 1990 and 2005.

          Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.
          In 2015, the percentage of electricity generated using renewable energy sources is most

likely to be	greater than 4%
equal to 4%
less than 4%	 
.	

(1)
(Total 4 marks)
 Q10.          (a)     The pie chart shows the energy sources used by one company to generate electricity.

(i)      Which two energy sources used by the company do not produce any polluting gases?
             ............................................. and .............................................
(1)

(ii)     Calculate the percentage (%) of electricity that is generated using energy sources that do not produce any polluting gases.
                                          Percentage = .............................................
(1)

(b)     Which graph, A, B or C, is most likely to show the electrical power output from a wind turbine over one day?
Write your answer, A, B or C, in the box.

 
         Graph A	
 
         Graph B	
 
         Graph C	

Graph		

(1)

(c)     The government has said that more electricity must be generated from renewable energy sources. A newspaper reported that:

Why is the statement in the newspaper incorrect?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
 Q11.          The diagram shows a small-scale, micro-hydroelectricity generator which uses the energy of falling river water to generate electricity. The water causes a device, called an Archimedean screw, to rotate.
The Archimedean screw is linked to the generator by a gearbox.

(a)     Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct word in the box.
The gravitational potential energy of the falling water is transformed
 
 	chemical	 	
into the	electrical	energy of the Archimedean screw.	
 	kinetic	 	

(1)

(b)     A micro-hydroelectric generator is very efficient. Most of the input energy from the falling water is transformed into useful electrical energy.
Which one of the following Sankey diagrams, X, Y or Z, shows the energy transformations produced by this generator?
Write your answer, X, Y, or Z, in the box.
 
Sankey diagram X		

Sankey diagram Y		

Sankey diagram Z		

Sankey diagram		

(1)
(c)     A micro-hydroelectric system generates about 60 kW of electricity, enough for 50 homes. A conventional large-scale hydroelectric power station may generate more than 5 000 000 kW of electricity.
(i)      Give one advantage of a conventional large-scale hydroelectric power station compared to a micro-hydroelectric system.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)     Which one of the following statements gives a disadvantage of a conventional large-scale hydroelectric power station compared to a micro–hydroelectric system?
Put a tick () in the box next to your answer.
 
Energy is wasted as heat and sound.		

Large areas of land are flooded.		

A constant flow of water is needed.		

(1)

(d)     The electricity generated by the micro-hydroelectric system is transferred directly to local homes. The electricity generated by a conventional large-scale hydroelectric power station is transferred to homes anywhere in the country through a system of cables and transformers.
(i)      What name is given to the system of cables and transformers used to transfer electricity to homes anywhere in the country?
                                ..............................................................................
(1)

(ii)     Using short cables to transfer electricity to local homes is much more efficient than using very long cables to transfer electricity to homes anywhere in the country.
Why?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(e)     Nepal is a mountainous country with over 6000 rivers. In Nepal, 9000 kW of electricity are generated using micro-hydroelectric generators.
Suggest one reason why in the UK much less electricity is generated using micro-hydroelectric generators, than in Nepal.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
 Q12.          (a)    Most electricity in the UK is generated in power stations that burn fossil fuels.
The bar chart shows how much carbon dioxide is produced for each kilowatt-hour of electricity generated using a fossil fuel.

(i)      Which fossil fuel produces the smallest amount of carbon dioxide for each kilowat-hour of electricity generated?
............................................................
(1)

(ii)     Which one of the following statements gives the reason why the data has been shown as a bar chart and not as a line graph?
Put a tick () in the box next to your answer.
 
Both variables are categoric.		
Both variables are continuous.		
One variable is categoric, the other is continuous.		

(1)

(iii)     Why does a nuclear power station not produce any carbon dioxide?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(b)     Some types of power station generate electricity by burning straw.

(i)      Use words from the box to complete the following sentences.
 
boiler	gas	generator	steam	turbine	water	

Straw is burned in a ............................................ Water is heated to make
...................................... which is used to drive a ....................................
This turns a ....................................... to produce electricity.
(4)

(ii)     Straw is a type of renewable energy source known as a biofuel.
Name one other type of renewable energy source used to produce electricity.
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)    A power station generates 36 000 000 watts (36 MW) of electrical power by burning straw. The average power used in each home in the UK over one year is 2000 watts.
Calculate the number of homes that the power station could supply electricity to.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
                            Number of homes = ..................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
 Energy Resources-Mark scheme
M1.         (a)      (i)     correct data point identified (4, 0.96)
1

(ii)     a decrease in
1

(b)    (i)       no / less atmospheric pollution
accept specific examples eg no CO2 / greenhouse gases produced
accept no harmful gases / fumes
accept reduced pollution from transportation (of coal) 
accept does not contribute to global warming
it / they refers to solar cells
do not accept no / less pollution
does not harm the environment is insufficient
it is a renewable energy source is insufficient
1

(ii)     8
allow 1 mark for showing correct method ie  provided that no subsequent step is shown
2

(iii)    increase
1

(iv)     these marks can score even if (b)(iii) is wrong
less / no electricity generated
accept energy for electricity
accept reduced power / voltage output
1

(because) lower light intensity (hitting solar panel / cell)
or
so decreases money paid / gained (from selling electricity)
allow less light / sun (hitting solar panel / cell)
1
[8]
 M2.          (a)     coal
1

(b)     fossil fuels can be used to generate electricity at any time
if more than 2 boxes ticked, mark incorrect boxes first
1
          a few large power stations can generate the electricity for a million homes
1

(c)     (i)      no fuel is burnt
accept a named fuel
accept nothing is burnt
accept does not use (fossil) fuel
1
(ii)     kinetic
1
(iii)     any two from:

       accept causes pollution for 1 mark
•        need concrete for bases
•        new roads / infrastructure needed
•        may interfere with TV / radio / mobile
          phone signals
•        dangerous to birds
•        do not generate all of the time
       accept generates only when the wind blows
       do not accept ‘generate when the wind blows’
•        need a lot of generators
       do not accept ‘take up a lot of space / land’
•        high initial / capital costs
•        reduces house prices
2
[7]
 
M3.          (a)     gas
1
          oil
1

(b)     (both) use steam to drive a turbine
accept (both) use turbines to drive generators
do not accept both have a turbine /generator / use steam
must describe a step in the process
accept heat / thermal energy transformed to kinetic / electrical energy
1

(c)     140 (°C)
correct answer only
allow 1 mark for method clearly shown on graph
accept a cross or other indication at correct position on the line
accept correct description
accept even if numerical answer is incorrect
2

(d)     any one from:
do not accept answers purely in terms of disadvantages of other methods except for fossil fuels are running out
•        very large energy source / reserves
•        no polluting / harmful gases produced
accept named gas CO2 SO2 NOx
accept reduces harmful carbon emissions
•        reduces carbon emissions
accept does not contribute to global warming
•        no fuel needed
•        energy is free
•        can generate energy for a long time
accept energy available for a long time
•        renewable (energy source)
•        fossil fuels are running out
accept it saves fossil fuels / non-renewable
accept reduces the amount of fossil fuels being burnt
accept a named fossil fuel
Better for the environment / environmentally friendly insufficient
it is cheaper is insufficient
1
[6]
M4.         (a)     boiler
1
generator
1

(b)     0.3 or 30%
allow 1 mark for substitution of 2 correct values taken from the Sankey diagram into correct equation
2

(c)     decrease
1

(d)     any named biofuel eg wood, ethanol, straw
1

(e)     (nuclear) fission
1
[7]
 M5.         (a)      (i)     any one from:
•    produces no (air / atmospheric) pollution
accept named pollutant eg CO2
accept no harmful gases
accept produces no emissions
accept does not add to global warming
environmentally friendly is insufficient
•    energy (source) is free
accept no fuel costs
accept the wind / it is free
1

(ii)     any one from:
•    waves
•    tides
•    falling water
accept hydroelectric
do not accept water (flow)
•    solar
accept Sun / sunlight
accept solar panels / cells
•    geothermal
•    biofuel / biomass
accept a named biofuel
1

(b)     (i)      3000 (kilowatts)
accept 3 megawatts / MW
accept 3 000 000 watts / W
1

(ii)     (average) wind speed below 6 m/s
answers giving a wind speed greater than 3 but less than 6 m/s gain both marks
allow 1 mark for calculating the output as 500 kW (maximum)
and
allow 1 mark for wind speed too low or wind not strong enough
do not accept wind above 25 m/s
do not accept the turbines are frozen
2

(iii)    A small amount of nuclear fuel generates a large amount of electricity.
both required
Nuclear power stations do not depend on the weather to generate electricity.
1
[6]
M6.          (a)     any two from:
•        (burning) fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases / pollutant gases / acid rain / leads to global warming
accept a named fossil fuel
accept a named pollutant gas
•        nuclear fuels produce dangerous waste
accept radioactive for dangerous
accept reference to dangers of nuclear fuels
•        fossil fuels are non-renewable
accept running out of fuels
•        renewable energy resources produce no pollutant gases
•        large amounts of energy are available
accept renewable won’t run out
•        running costs are low
accept any reasonable benefit of renewables
accept any reasonable drawback of non-renewables
do not accept better for the environment on its own
2

(b)     R U S T
all in correct order
allow 2 marks for 2 correct
allow 1 mark for one correct
3
[5]
M7.          (a)     gas (burning)
1
(b)     (i)      (transmission) cables and (step-up and step-down) transformers
if transformers are named ie step-up transformer then both step-up and step-down must be given
mention of power station or consumer negates mark
1

(ii)     voltage
1
more efficient
1
(c)     increase
1
[5]
 M8.          (a)     (i)      any one from:
•        waves
do not accept water
•        tides
•        falling water
accept hydroelectric
•        biofuel / biomass
•        solar
accept sun / sunlight
do not accept light
accept solar cells / panels
•        geothermal
do not accept heat
1

(ii)     decrease
1

(b)     (i)      increases from 4am (to 8am) remains constant from 8am (to 10am)
accept increases from 30 000
accept stays constant from 40 000
allow 1 mark for goes up then stays the same
for full credit must be some indication of time or power
2

(ii)     natural gas
1
[5]
 M9.          (a)     (i)      an unreliable energy source
1
(ii)     a predictable energy source
1
(b)     plant / grow (at least) one new tree
1
(c)     greater than 4 %
1
[4]
 M10.         (a)      (i)     solar and wind
both required for mark either order
1

(ii)     37(%)
accept their two sources in a(i)
correctly added as an error carried forward (ecf)
1

(b)     A
1

(c)     gas is non-renewable
do not accept they are not all renewable
statements such as gas produces CO2 is neutral
1
[4]
M11.          (a)     kinetic
1

(b)     Z
1

(c)     (i)      generates a lot more energy / electricity / power
need fewer conventional large-scale hydroelectric power stations is neutral
or
can supply (energy / electricity / power) to more homes
1

(ii)     Large areas of land are flooded.
1

(d)     (i)      National Grid
this answer only
1

(ii)     less energy / heat loss (from the cables)
accept wasted for loss
accept answers in terms of fewer transformers needed
do not accept less electricity lost / wasted
do not accept no energy lost
1

(e)     any one from:
•        fewer rivers (suitable for generators)
•        less mountainous (so rivers fall smaller distances)
accept answers in terms of difficulty linking villages and towns to grid (in Nepal)
accept answers in terms of more isolated communities
accept answers in terms of UK having more resources for large-scale power stations
1
[7]
 
M12.         (a)      (i)     gas
1

(ii)     one variable is categoric, the other is continuous
1

(iii)    fuel is not burned 
accept nothing is burned
do not accept they don’t use fossil fuels
1

(b)     (i)      boiler
1

steam
1

turbine
1

generator
1

(ii)     any one from:
•        wind
accept wind turbines
•        waves
•        tidal
accept tide
•        geothermal
•        solar
accept the Sun / sunlight
accept solar panels / cells
do not accept light
•        falling water
accept hydroelectric
do not accept water
do not accept any named biofuel
1

(iii)    18 000
allow 1 mark for showing a correct method 
ie 36 000 000 ÷ 2 000
an answer of 0.018 gains 1 mark
2
[10]