Q1.          The diagram shows the structures involved in a reflex action.

(a)     On the diagram, name the structures labelled W, X and Y.
(3)
(b)     The control of blood sugar level is an example of an action controlled by hormones.
Give two ways in which a reflex action is different from an action controlled by hormones.
1 .....................................................................................................................
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2 .....................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q2.          Reflex actions are rapid and automatic.
(a)     Name the following structures in a reflex action.
(i)      The structure that detects the stimulus.
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(1)

(ii)     The neurone that carries impulses to the central nervous system.
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(1)
(iii)     The neurone that carries impulses away from the central nervous system.
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(1)

(iv)    The structure that brings about the response.
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(1)

(b)     Describe what happens at a synapse when an impulse arrives.
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(2)
(c)     Some people have a condition in which information from the skin does not reach the brain.
          Explain why this is dangerous for the person.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
 Q3.          Information is passed to target organs in the body by hormones.
          (a)     (i)      How do hormones travel around the body?
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(1)

(ii)     What name is given to the organs that secrete hormones?
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(1)

(b)     Explain the cause of diabetes and how it is controlled.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
 Q4.          Diabetes is a disease in which a person’s blood glucose concentration may rise.
Doctors give people drugs to treat diabetes.
The table shows some of the side effects on the body of four drugs, A, B, C and insulin, used to treat diabetes.
 
Drug	Side effects on the body	
A	Weight loss
Liver, kidney and heart damage
Feeling of sickness	
B	Weight gain
Damage to some cells in pancreas	
C	More water is kept in the body
Weight gain
Increased chance of bone breakage in women	
Insulin	A little more water is kept in the body
Weight gain
Increased risk of lung damage	

(a)     Which drug, A, B, C or insulin, is most likely to result in an increase in blood sugar concentration in some people?
Explain your answer.
Drug ..............................................................................................................
Explanation  ................................................................................................................
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(2)

(b)     (i)      Drugs A, B and C can be taken as tablets.
The chemicals in the tablets are absorbed into the blood from the digestive system.
Insulin is a protein. Insulin cannot be taken as a tablet.
Why?
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(1)
(ii)      Other than using drugs, give two methods of treating diabetes.
1 ............................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
 Q5.          Information is also passed by impulses in the nervous system. Neurones carry impulses very rapidly. The diagram shows a reflex arc.
          Label the diagram by adding the names of the neurones.

(Total 3 marks)
 Q6.          The diagram shows part of the human digestive system.

(i)      Name part B.
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(1)
(ii)      Describe the role of B and D in reducing blood sugar levels.
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 (2)
(Total 3 marks)
 
         (a)     Fill in the table about receptors. The first answer has been done for you.
RECEPTORS IN THE 	SENSITIVE TO	
Eyes 	Light	
Skin	 	
 	Sound	
Tongue	 	
(3)

(b)     Describe, in as much detail as you can, how information is transmitted from light receptors in the retina to the brain.
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(3)
(Total 6 marks)
 Q8.          The pancreas is involved in digestion and controlling the internal conditions of the body.
(a)     Name two digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)     Diabetes may be caused by a lack of insulin.
Part of the treatment for someone with diabetes is to pay careful attention to the diet.
(i)      Give one symptom of diabetes.
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(1)

(ii)     Give one way in which a diabetic may be advised to change their diet.
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(1)

(iii)     How does this change in diet help the diabetic?
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(1)
(iv)    State one other way in which the symptoms of diabetes may be treated.
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(1)
(c)     Many of the cells in the pancreas contain large numbers of ribosomes.
What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
 Q9.          It is important that the concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood is controlled.
(a)     (i)      Which hormone controls the concentration of glucose in the blood?
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(1)

(ii)     Which organ produces this hormone?
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(1)
(b)     The concentration of glucose in the blood of two people, A and B, was measured every half an hour.
One hour after the start, both people drank a solution containing 50 g of glucose.
The graph shows the result.
(i)      By how much did the blood glucose concentration in person B rise after drinking the glucose drink?
                    .................................................. mg per 100 cm3 of blood
(1)
(ii)     A doctor suggests that person A has diabetes.
Give two pieces of evidence from the graph to support this suggestion.
1 ............................................................................................................
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2 ............................................................................................................
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(2)
(iii)     Give one reason for the fall in blood glucose concentration in person B, shown in the graph.
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)

 Q10.          The graph shows the concentration of glucose in the blood of two people. Person A is a non-diabetic. Person B has diabetes. Each person ate 75 grams of glucose at 1.0 hours.

(a)     (i)      What was the maximum concentration of glucose in the blood of Person A?
.................................................................. mmol per dm3
(1)
(ii)     After eating the glucose, how long did it take for the concentration of glucose in the blood of Person B to return to normal?
................................................................................ hours
(1)
(b)     A diabetic person does not produce enough insulin.
(i)      Which organ produces insulin?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)     Write the letter X on the graph to show one time when the blood of Person A would contain large amounts of insulin.
(1)

(c)     A high concentration of glucose in the blood can harm body cells as a result of osmosis.
Explain why.
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)
 Q11.          The diagram shows the structures involved in the knee-jerk reflex. When the tendon is struck with the hammer, the receptor is stimulated and the lower leg moves forward.

(a)     Name the structures labelled A, B and C.
A .................................................................................................................................
B .................................................................................................................................
C .................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)     How is information passed from structure A to structure B?
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(1)

(c)     What is the effector in this response?
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)
 Q12.          (a)     What is the name of the organ which controls the nervous system?
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(1)
(b)     The diagram shows a reflex arc. Label the three neurones.

(3)
(c)     Snatching your hand from a hot object is an example of a reflex action. Give one other example of a reflex action.
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(1)
(d)     Describe the stages that happen in a reflex action.
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(3)
(Total 8 marks)
 Q13.          In diabetics blood glucose concentrations are sometimes abnormal.
(a)     Name the organ that monitors the concentration of glucose in the blood.
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(1)

(b)     Diabetics can measure their blood glucose concentration.
The graph shows the best blood glucose concentration and the acceptable range of blood glucose concentration at different times.

What is the acceptable range for the blood glucose concentration before meals?
From .................................................. to .................................................. mmol per dm3
(1)

(c)     The amount of insulin a diabetic injects can be changed so that blood glucose concentration is kept near to the best level.
Two hours after eating breakfast a diabetic measures his blood glucose concentration.His blood glucose concentration is 13 mmol per dm3.
He reads these instructions:
•        for every 2 mmol per dm3 of blood glucose above the best concentration, inject 1 unit more of insulin
•        for every 2 mmol per dm3 of blood glucose below the best concentration, inject 1 unit less of insulin.
How should he change his normal insulin injection to bring his blood glucose level to the best concentration?
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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               Answer = ...............................................................................
(3)
(Total 5 marks)
 M1.          (a)    Y - spinal cord / central nervous system / CNS
do not accept spine
ignore nerve / nervous system / coordinator
ignore grey / white matter
1
W - receptor / nerve ending
ignore sensory / neurone / stimulus
1

X - effector / muscle
allow gland
1
(b)     any two from: eg 
accept reverse argument for each marking point
•       reflex action quicker 
•       effect of reflex action over shorter period 
•       hormone involves blood system and reflex involves neurones / nerve cells 
ignore nervous system / nerves
•       reflex involves impulses and hormone involves chemicals 
•       reflex action affects only one part of the body
ignore involves brain
ignore outside / inside stimuli
2
[5]
 ﻿M2.          (a)     (i)      receptor
allow named receptor eg light receptor
ignore sensory neurone
allow sense organ / named sensory organ eg skin / eye	1
(ii)     sensory (neurone)
allow afferent							1
(iii)     motor (neurone)
allow efferent
1
(iv)    effector / muscle / gland / named
1

(b)     any two from:
•        impulse / information passes from one neurone to another
or impulse / information passes across gap
•        chemical / transmitter involved
•        diffusion (across gap)
2

(c)     brain / person not aware of pain / stimulus / can’t feel
allow brain/ person doesn’t know / realise / unable to coordinate
ignore reflex
ignore information
1
          possibility of (permanent / serious) damage / eg burning
ignore danger
1
[8]
 M3.          (a)     (i)      in blood or the circulation system or plasma
accept arteries and veins or blood vessels
do not accept slowly or in blood cells
1

(ii)     glands
accept endocrine glands or endocrine
do not accept a named gland
1
(b)     the pancreas
accept islets of Langerhans
1
any one from
          does not produce (sufficient) insulin
(blood) sugar is not (properly) controlled
1
insulin injections or inhalers
accept diet or tablets to make the
pancreas produce insulin
1
[5]
 M4.          (a)    B
1
less / no insulin (produced) or insulin produced in pancreas
allow pancreas can’t monitor (blood) sugar (level)
ignore pancreas can’t control (blood) sugar (level)
allow increased glucagon production
allow A as liver stores less glucose / sugar for 2 marks only
1
(b)     (i)      (it / protein / insulin) digested / broken down
if ref to specific enzyme must be correct (protease / pepsin)
ignore denatured
do not accept digested in mouth / other incorrect organs
1

(ii)     any two from: 
ignore injections
•        (attention to) diet
accept examples, eg eat less sugar(y food) or eat small regular meals
allow eat less carbohydrate / control diet
ignore cholesterol or balanced / healthy diet
•        exercise 
ignore keep fit / healthy
•        (pancreas) transplant / stem cells / genetic engineering
2
[5]
 M5.          top left label sensory
credit afferent
do not accept receptor
1
          bottom right label connector or relay
credit intermediate
1
          bottom left label motor or effector
credit efferent
1
[3]
 M6.          (i)      liver
1
(ii)      liver or B stores glycogen
or pancreas or D makes insulin
1
          clear description of link
1
[3]
 M7.          (a)     pressure / temperature / hot / cold / touch / pain
ear / cochlea
chemicals / taste / named taste e.g. salt
(reject skin receptors e.g. hot, cold)
for 1 mark each
3
(b)     impulses / electrical pulse / electrical signal
(reject information, message, pulse, signal)
via sensory neurones (ignore relay neurone, synapse)
(in) optic nerve
(allow 1 mark for via nerves or neurone if neither second nor third mark scored, reference to spinal cord disqualified route mark)
for 1 mark each
3
[6]
 M8.          (a)     any two from:
•        amylase / carbohydrase
•        protease
allow trypsin
•        lipase
2

(b)     (i)      high / above normal blood sugar
or cannot control blood sugar
allow other symptoms
eg frequent / plentiful urination or sugar in urine or thirst or weight loss or coma
ignore consequential effects eg blood pressure / circulation / glaucoma / tiredness
1
(ii)     any one from:
•        small / regular meals
•        low sugar (meals) or low GI / GL or carbohydrates as starch
allow high fibre
ignore reference to low carbohydrate
1

(iii)     any one from:
•        keep constant( blood) sugar or prevent high (blood) sugar
or reduces surge / rush of sugar into blood
•        reduce the need for insulin
1
(iv)    (take) insulin
allow pancreas transplant
1

(c)     protein / hormone / enzyme synthesis or synthesis of named example
or combine amino acids
1
[7]
 M9.         (a)      (i)     insulin
accept glucagon (correct spelling only)
1

(ii)     pancreas
accept phonetic spelling
allow pancrease
1
(b)     (i)      11(.0)
accept in range 10.5-11 (.0)
1
(ii)     any two from:
ignore numbers unless comparative
•        high(er) concentration (of blood glucose) (anywhere / any time)
accept 115 not 88
     139 not 99
•        large(r) increase (in concentration after the drink)
accept increase by 24 not 11 / their b(i)
•        fast(er) / steep(er) rise
accept it takes 3 hours not 1 ¼ hours to get back to original level
accept it takes a long time to get back to normal
•        slow(er) fall
2
(iii)    any one from:
•        insulin present / produced
accept glucagon not produced
•        (used in) respiration
allow exercise
•        taken into cells
allow converted to glycogen
allow taken into liver (cells) / muscle (cells)
allow produce / make energy
1
[6]

M10.          (a)     (i)      6
1
(ii)     4
1

(b)     (i)      pancreas
ignore islets of langerhans
1
(ii)     ‘X’ anywhere between >1 and ≤ 2 hours
anywhere in that column
1

(c)     any four from:
          water movement
do not accept solution
          out of cells
          dilute to concentrated solution
accept reference to correct gradient -
high to low or high to low ‘water concentration’
must be unambiguous – i.e. not ‘high to low concentration’
accept low to high concentration

          reference to partially / selectively
permeable membranes or described
          cells shrink / get smaller
allow crenated
ignore plasmolysed / flaccid / floppy
etc
4
[8]
 M11.          (a)     A sensory (neurone)
ignore nerve
1
          B motor (neurone)
ignore nerve
1
          C spinal cord / central nervous system / grey matter
1
(b)     by chemical / substance
allow transmitter				1

(c)     muscle
allow extensor
ignore muscle names					1[5]
M12.          (a)     brain
1
(b)     receptor or sensory or afferent
connector or relay
3
          effector or motor or efferent
(c)     any one from
blink (of eye)
accept a violent movement of a limb  from pain or sharp object
knee jerk
do not credit snatch from cold object or any temperature reference e.g. boiling water
accept sneezing, coughing, choking, vomitting, pupil closing or reflex
1

(d)     danger or a signal detected (by nerve)
or impulse sent
1
goes to or through spine
accept impulse by-passes the brain
do not award mark if brain mentioned
do not credit message to spine
1
          a very rapid response occurs or then to
effector or muscle or motor
accept no thinking time is needed
1
[8]
 M13.          (a)     pancreas
allow phonetic spelling
1

(b)     4(.0) to 7.2 or 7.2 to 4(.0)
1

(c)     13 – 7 = 6
working shows 6 = 1 mark
1

6/2 = 3 units
accept the correct answer to the calculation, 3 units, for 2 marks, irrespective of working
1

increase (dose)
accept indication of increase, eg extra / more / + could be in working lines
1
[5]