Q1.          The drawing shows a white blood cell ingesting a bacterium.

          Label the parts of the white blood cell.
(Total 3 marks)
Q2.          Oxygen from our lungs is carried, by our blood, to cells in our body where aerobic respiration takes place.
(i)      Complete the two spaces to balance the chemical reaction for aerobic respiration.
C6H12O6   +   6O2   →   ....... CO2   +   ...... H2O
(1)
(ii)      Name the substance with the formula C6H12O6.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)     Name the structures in the cytoplasm of our cells where aerobic respiration takes place.
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(1)
(Total 3 marks)
        A young athlete trains and this makes her heart work harder. The table shows part of her training record.
Time measured in weeks
from the start of training	0	8	16	24	32	40	
Resting pulse rate measured
in pulses per minute	75	69	66	63	61	60	

(i)      Give two changes to her heart resulting from this training.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
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2 ..................................................................................................................................
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(2)

(ii)      The graph shows a smooth curve drawn to match the data from her training record. 

         Use the graph:
(A)    to estimate her resting pulse rate, in pulses per minute, after 18 weeks of training;
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(1)
(B)    to predict her resting pulse rate, in pulses per minute, if she continues her training until the end of the year.
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(1)
Total 4 marks)
           (a)     The table shows the effect of exercise on the action of one person’s heart.
 	At rest	During
exercise	
Heart rate in beats per minute	72	165	
Volume of blood leaving the heart in each beat
in cm3	75	120	
Heart output in cm3 per minute	5400	 	
(i)      Calculate the heart output for this person during exercise.
         Show clearly how you work out your answer.
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Answer = .............................. cm3 per minute (2)
(ii)     During exercise, more oxygen is carried to the working muscles.
         Explain why this is helpful during exercise.
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(2)
(b)     Give two other changes in the body that help to increase the amount of oxygen delivered to the working muscles during exercise.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
 Q5.          Blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
(a)     Give the function of platelets.
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(1)
The photograph shows a red blood cell.

(b)     The average diameter of a real red blood cell is 0.008 millimetres.
On the photograph, the diameter of the red blood cell is 100 millimetres.
Use the formula to calculate the magnification of the photograph.
diameter on photograph = real diameter × magnification
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........................................................................................................................
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Magnification = ....................................
(2)
(c)     Some blood capillaries have an internal diameter of approximately 0.01 millimetres.
Use information given in part (b) to explain why only one red blood cell at a time can pass through a capillary.
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)     (i)      Red blood cells transport oxygen.
Explain how oxygen is moved from the lungs to the tissues.
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(3)
(ii)     Red blood cells have no nucleus.
Explain how this feature is an adaptation to the function of red blood cells.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(e)     Oxygen is exchanged between the blood capillaries and the tissue.
Give two ways in which capillaries are adapted for exchanging oxygen with the tissues.
1 .....................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
 
Q6.          A student pedalled an exercise cycle at constant speed for 5 minutes. The student’s heart rate was recorded at one-minute intervals during the exercise and also during recovery.
The results are shown in the graph.

(a)     Describe, in as much detail as you can, the changes in heart rate between 0 and 14 minutes.
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(3)

b)     How do arteries supplying the leg muscles alter the rate of blood flow through them during exercise?
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(1)
(c)     Explain how an increase in heart rate helped the student during exercise.
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)
 Q7.          Capillaries are blood vessels in the body which join the arteries to the veins. They have walls which are one cell thick and so are able to exchange substances with the body cells.

(i)      Name two substances that travel from the muscle cells to the blood in the capillaries.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)      Glucose is one substance that travels from the blood in the capillaries to the body cells. Explain how this happens.
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.....................................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
 Q8.          The diagram shows four parts of blood.

         (a)     Complete the table to give the name and function of the parts labelled A, B and C.
Letter	Name	Function	
 
A	 
......................................
	
......................................................................
......................................................................

B	 
......................................
	
......................................................................
......................................................................

C	 
......................................
	
......................................................................
......................................................................

(6)
(b)     Red blood cells contain haemoglobin. Explain how this enables red blood cells to pick up oxygen from the alveoli and release it to cells in other parts of the body.
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(4)
(Total 10 marks)
 Q9.          (i)      What is the name of the process which takes place in living cells in your body and which releases energy from oxygen and glucose?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)      Name the two products of the process in part (i).
............................................................... and ..............................................................
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
 
Q10.          The drawings show the structure of three types of blood vessel, A, B and C. They are drawn to the scales indicated.

(a)     Name the three types of blood vessel.
A ..............................................................
B ..............................................................
C ..............................................................
(3)
(b)     Describe the job of blood vessel B.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)
 Q11.          Oxygen from our lungs is carried, by our blood, to cells in our body where aerobic respiration takes place.
(i)      Complete the two spaces to balance the chemical reaction for aerobic respiration.
C6H12O6   +   6O2   →   ....... CO2   +   ...... H2O
(1)
(ii)      Name the substance with the formula C6H12O6.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)     Name the structures in the cytoplasm of our cells where aerobic respiration takes place.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)

Q12.          A student breathed out into an empty breathing bag five times.

          After breathing out five times the volume of air in the bag was measured.
The volume was 3000 cm3.
(a)     Complete the following sentences.
          The air the student breathed in would contain more ........................................ than the air the student breathed out.
          The air the student breathed out would contain more ...................................... than the air the student breathed in.
(2)
(b)     The student then did some exercise for two minutes. The volume breathed out in five breaths was again measured. This time there was 9000 cm3 of air in the bag.
          What does this tell you about the effect of exercise on breathing?
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.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)     (i)      Name the chemical process that releases energy when it takes place in the cells of the body.
................................................
(1)
(ii)     Name the substances produced by this process.
.......................................................... and ..........................................................
(2)
(iii)     Explain as fully as you can why this process has to take place more rapidly during exercise.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
 Q13.          A person did five different activities in turn. These activities needed increasing amounts of energy. For each activity two measurements were made. These were the rate of contraction of the left ventricle and its stroke volume (the volume of blood pumped at each beat). From these measurements the cardiac volume was calculated.
          Some of these results are shown in the table and the bar chart.

Activity	Rate of contraction
of left ventricle in
beats per minute	Cardiac output
in cm3 per minute	
Sitting upright
Slow walking
Moderate walking
Fast walking
Running	68
 
98
130
150	5 500
8 000
12 000
17 500
19 000	

(a)     (i)      Describe how a person can count the rate of beating of the left ventricle.
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(1)
(ii)     Calculate the rate of ventricle contraction in beats per minute when the person was walking slowly. Show clearly how you work out your final answer.
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Rate of ventricle contraction................................ beats per minute. 	(2)
(iii)     The pattern of results for stroke volume shows an anomalous result when the person is running. In what way is it anomalous?
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....................................................................................................................... (1)
(iv)    There was a change in cardiac output when the person’s movement changed from fast walking to running. How did the heart produce this change?
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....................................................................................................................... (1)
(b)     Over a period of time, regular exercise can strengthen the heart muscle. This change in the heart muscle enables a person to run for longer before lactic acid build up occurs. Explain the reason for this.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
 Q14.          The diagram shows part of the circulatory system.

(a)     Name the types of blood vessel labelled A, B and C on the diagram.
A .................................................................
B .................................................................
C .................................................................
(3)
(b)     What is the job of the circulatory system?
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(1)
(c)     Give two ways in which the composition of blood changes as it flows through the vessels labelled X on the diagram.
1 .................................................................................................................................
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2 .................................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
 Q15.          The diagram shows part of the breathing system in a human.

(a)     Use words from the list to label the parts on the drawing.
alveoli      bronchiole      bronchus      diaphragm       trachea (windpipe)
(4)
(b)     Where in the lungs does oxygen enter the blood?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)     Which process in cells produces carbon dioxide?
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(1)
(Total 6 marks)
 M1.          cytoplasm reject protoplasm
(cell) membrane
nucleus
all correctly labelled
each for 1 mark
[3]
 M2.          (i)      6 in both spaces
do not credit if any formula has been altered
1
(ii)      glucose
allow fructose or dextrose
1
(iii)     mitochondria
accept organelles
1
[3]
 M3.          (i)      any two from
          * (heart) more muscular
accept bigger
          * (heart) more powerful
accept more efficient
accept stronger
2
(ii)      * pauses longer between (heart) beats
accepts beats more slowly
accept heart rate decreases
          * less fast around the heart
recovers more quickly not just ‘heart healthier’
do not credit pulse rate slower
2
[4]
 M4.          (a)     (i)      19 800
for correct answer ignore working or lack of working
165 × 120 but no answer / wrong answer = 1 mark (ignore extras)
2
(ii)     any two from:
•        for respiration
ignore oxygen debt
•        energy released
allow energy produced
•        prevents anaerobic respiration
•        prevents build-up of lactic acid
2
(b)     any two from:
•        increased breathing rate(*)
•        increased depth of breathing or deep breathing(*)
(*)more breathing is max 1 mark
ignore increase in heart rate
allow heavier breathing
do not allow harder breathing
•        dilation of arteries / vasodilation
allow blood vessels dilate
do not allow veins / capillaries dilate
•        blood diverted from elsewhere
ignore name of organ
2
[6]
 M5.          (a)     forming clot at site of wound
1
(b)     12 500
correct answer gains 2 marks
if answer incorrect,  gains 1 mark
ignore any units
2
(c)     size of RBC approximately same size as capillary
or
no room for more than one cell
or
only one can fit
or
RBC is too big
allow use of numbers
do not accept capillaries are narrow
1
(d)     (i)      in lungs oxygen diffuses (from the alveoli) into the blood
1
in the red blood cell, oxygen combines with haemoglobin,
forming oxyhaemoglobin
1
in tissues oxyhaemoglobin splits up, releasing oxygen,
which diffuses into the cells
1
(ii)     allows cell to have more haemoglobin for oxygen transport
1
(e)     thin walls for short diffusion path
1
narrow, so have a large surface area to volume ratio
1
[10]
 M6.          (a)     any three from:
•        rose rapidly (during exercise) / use of approximate figures
•        then more slowly (during exercise)
accept rate (of increase) slows down
•        to max 126 / at 5 minutes / end of exercise
•        rapid fall (during recovery) or use of approximate numbers
•        then less rapid fall / use of approximate numbers
•        returned to resting rate (60 bpm) by 11 minutes
3
(b)     arteries dilate / widen
accept muscle in wall relaxes
1
(c)     

4
[8]
M7.          (i)      any two from:
urea
carbon dioxide
water
lactic acid
2
(ii)      higher concentration of glucose or more glucose in blood than cells
1
          diffuses across
1
[4]
 M8.          (a)     A white blood cell/leucocytes / phagocytes / lymphocytes
SEPARATE MARKING POINTS
1
          make/contain antibodies/antitoxins
or
destroy/engulf/kill bacteria
do not accept fight infection
do not accept fight disease
1
B platelets
1
help clot the blood
do not accept stick together
do not accept from scabs
1
C plasma
1
          carries/transports all the cells/digested food/waste products/hormones/carbon
dioxide/platelets/dissolved minerals/antibodies/antitoxins/water
allows blood to flow
1
(b)     any four from:
(oxygen) diffuses
1
          has affinity for/combines with oxygen / forms oxy-haemoglobin
do not accept absorbed
1
in areas of high oxygen concentration
n.b. ‘pick up oxygen’ is stem of question
1
          in conditions of low oxygen concentration it breaks down and releases the oxygen
low oxygen concentration can be implied e.g. active muscles
1
[10]
 M9.          (i)      (aerobic) respiration
do not credit anaerobic respiration 
accept cellular respiration
1
(ii)      carbon dioxide and water (vapour)
both required
do not credit heat
1
[2]
 M10.          (a)     A vein / venule
B capillary
C artery / arteriole
each for 1 mark
3
(b)     idea that substances or named substance pass in or out / diffuses
between blood and tissue
each for 1 mark
e.g. oxygen passes from blood to cells gains 2 marks
2
[5]
 M11.          (i)      6 in both spaces
do not credit if any formula has been altered
1
(ii)      glucose
allow fructose or dextrose
1
(iii)     mitochondria
accept organelles
1
[3]
          (a)     oxygen,
carbon dioxide or water (vapour)
for 1 mark each
2
(b)     idea of more air per breath/deeper breaths
for 1 mark
1

(c)     (i)      respiration
for 1 mark
1
(ii)     carbon dioxide, 
water
for 1 mark each
2
(iii)     more energy required,
for increased muscular activity
for 1 mark each
2
[8]
 M13.          (a)     (i)      count the pulse or count beats in artery in wrist neck or feel the pulse or
take the pulse or find the pulse
accept use of heart monitor or heart meter
1
(ii)     80
2 marks for correct answer
1f answer incorrect allow 1 mark for showing 8000 divided by 100 or indicating cardiac output divided by stroke volume
2
(iii)     Increased activity stroke volume
falls / gets less / should get higher / reach a peak
accept does not increase or changes from 134 cm3 to 127 cm3
1
(iv)    1ncreased / more ventricle contractions
accept heart beat faster or it beats faster or more powerful contractions
1
b)     (stronger heart muscle) increases cardiac output or increases stroke volume
accept pumps more blood (per beat) or pumps blood faster
ignore heart bigger
1
          so more (oxygenated) blood can be sent to muscles
accept more oxygen sent to muscles
1
[7]
 M14.          (a)     A – artery
B – capillary
C – vein
3
(b)     transport OWTTE
1
(c)     increased oxygen decreased carbon dioxide
2
[6]
 M15.          (a)     trachea / windpipe
bronchus
alveoli
diaphragm
for 1 mark each
4

(b)     alveoli / air sacs       (reject capillaries)
for one mark
1

(c)     respiration
for one mark
1
[6]