Q1.          These young rabbits look like their parents. This is because information about characteristics such as fur colour is passed from parents to their young.

          Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.
body                   chromosomes                clones               cytoplasm
genes               nucleus                   sex
          Information is passed from parents to their young in ............................................ cells.
          Each characteristic, e.g. fur colour, is controlled by .............................................. .
          The structures which carry information for a large number of characteristics are
          called ................................................ .
          The part of the cell which contains these structures is called the .................................. .
(Total 4 marks)
Q2.Kangaroos have brown coats. The two parent kangaroos in the photograph produced a baby kangaroo with a white coat.

(a)       Use words from the box to complete the sentences.
 
asexual	characteristic	chromosome	
mutation	nucleus	       sexual	

The baby kangaroo was produced by ................................................ reproduction.
The coat colour of the adult kangaroo is a ..............................................................
The different coat colour of the baby kangaroo is the result of a
................................................................. of a gene.
The gene is found on a thread-like structure called a ............................................
(4)
(b)     Some animals similar to kangaroos are endangered species.
Cloning is one way of making sure that endangered species do not die out.
The flowchart below shows one way of cloning an animal.
The four statements needed to complete the flowchart are numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Complete the flow chart by writing the number of the correct statement in the empty box.
Each number should be used once only.
 
		Remove egg cell from ovary	
		↓	
		............	
		↓	
		The egg cell is now empty	
		↓	
1	Give a small electric shock	............	
2	Transfer nucleus from body cell	↓	
3	Remove nucleus from egg cell	The egg cell now has the nucleus of a body cell	
4	Insert embryo into womb of female	↓	
		............	
		↓	
		Ball of cells	
		↓	
		............	
		↓	
		Cloned animal	

(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q3.          Scientists have produced many different types of GM (genetically modified) food crops.
(a)           Use words from the box to complete the sentence about genetic engineering.
 
clones         chromosomes        embryos            genes	

          GM crops are produced by cutting ...................................................................... out of the
........................................... of one plant and inserting them into the cells of a crop plant.
(2)
(b)     Read the information about GM food crops.
•        Herbicide-resistant GM crops produce higher yields.
•        Scientists are uncertain about how eating GM food affects our health.
•        Insect-resistant GM crops reduce the total use of pesticides.
•        GM crops might breed naturally with wild plants.
•        Seeds for GM crops can be bought from only one manufacturer.
•        The numbers of bees will fall in areas where GM crops are grown.
Use this information to answer these questions.
(i)      Give two reasons why some farmers are in favour of growing GM crops.
1 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)     Give two reasons why many people are against the growing of GM crops.
1 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

 Q4.          The diagram shows how cells from human embryos can be used to grow ‘replacement body parts’ for humans.

(a)     Complete the following sentences.
(i)      The fertilised egg has ................................. sets of genetic information.
(1)

(ii)     The fertilised egg divides to form the 5-day-old embryo by a process
called ................................................................
(1)

(b)     Some statements about stem cells are given below.
Tick () two advantages and two disadvantages of using stem cells to grow ‘replacement body parts’ for humans.
 
 	Advantage
Tick ()	Disadvantage
Tick ()	
Stem cells can grow into many different kinds of body cells.	 	 	
Stem cells may grow out of control.	 	 	
Large numbers of stem cells can be grown in the laboratory.	 	 	
Stem cells may be used to treat some human diseases.	 	 	
Collecting and growing stem cells is expensive.	 	 	
Patients treated with stem cells may need to take drugs for the rest of their life to prevent rejection.	 	 	

(4)
(Total 6 marks)
 Q5.          We can now produce organisms with the characteristics we want the organisms to have.
List A gives the names of four ways of producing organisms.
List B gives information about the ways of producing organisms.
Draw one line from each way of producing organisms in List A to the correct information in List B.
 
                   List A
Ways of producing organisms	 	List B
Information	

 	 	Taking part of the stem from a
plant, then putting this part of the
stem in wet soil in a plant pot.	
Embryo transplantation	 	 	
 	 	Growing groups of cells from a
plant on special jelly.	
Genetic engineering	 	 	
 	 	Transferring genes from one
organism to a different organism.	
Taking cuttings	 	 	
 	 	Growing plants from seeds in a
garden.	
Tissue culture	 	 	
 	 	Separating groups of cells from
a very young developing animal
then putting the groups of cells
into host mothers.	

(4)
(Total 4 marks)

 

Q6.         Scientists have discovered how to produce genetically modified (GM) hens’ eggs.
Some proteins produced in GM eggs can be used as drugs to treat humans.
The diagram shows how this is done.

(a)     Which type of reproduction is involved when the cockerel mates with the hen?
Tick () one box.
 
Asexual		
Cloning		
Sexual		

(1)
(b)     From which part of a human are the genes cut?
Tick () one box.
 
Chromosome		
Embryo		
Glands		

(1)
(c)     Read the information about genetically modified animals.
•    GM animals might escape and breed with wild animals.
•    Genetic modification can produce fast-growing animals for food.
•    Genetic modification can be used to clone animals in danger of extinction.
•    Using GM animals can reduce the number of animals used in medical research.
•    Animals have the right to be free from genetic modification.
Use only this information to answer these questions.
(i)      Give two reasons why many people are in favour of genetically modified animals.
1 ..........................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)     Give two reasons why many people are against genetically modified animals.
1 ..........................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
 Q7.          (a)     The drawings show one way of producing new plants. The new plants are identical to the parent plant.

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.
asexual	characteristics	clones	engineering	genes	sexual	

The colour and shape of the leaves are known as ......................................................
The information for leaf colour is stored in parts of chromosomes
called ...............................................................
The new plants are known as .............................................
The new plants have been produced by .................................................reproduction.
(4)

(b)     (i)      Name one other way of producing plants that are identical to their parents.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)      Name one way of producing animals that are identical to each other.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
 Q8.         Stem cells can be collected from human embryos and from adult bone marrow.
Stem cells can develop into different types of cell.
The table gives information about using these two types of stem cell to treat patients.
 
Stem cells from human embryos	Stem cells from adult bone marrow	
It costs £5000 to collect a few cells.	It costs £1000 to collect many cells.	
There are ethical issues in using embryo stem cells.	Adults give permission for their own bone marrow to be collected.	
The stem cells can develop into most other types of cell.	The stem cells can develop into only a few types of cell.	
Each stem cell divides every 30 minutes.	Each stem cell divides every four hours.	
There is a low chance of a patient’s immune system rejecting the cells.	There is a high chance of a patient’s immune system rejecting the cells.	
More research is needed into the use of these stem cells.	Use of these stem cells is considered to be a safe procedure.	

Scientists are planning a new way of treating a disease, using stem cells.
Use only the information above to answer these questions.
(a)     Give three advantages of using stem cells from embryos instead of from adult bone marrow.
1 .....................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................
3 .....................................................................................................................
(3)

(b)     Give three advantages of using stem cells from adult bone marrow instead of from embryos.
1 .....................................................................................................................
2 .....................................................................................................................
3 .....................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
 Q9.         Insecticides are chemicals which kill insects.
Insecticides may be sprayed onto crops to increase crop yield.
(a)     Killing insects on crops increases crop yield.
Suggest why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)     A microorganism contains a gene which causes the production of an insect poison.
Scientists transferred the gene for production of the insect poison into wheat plants.This makes genetically modified (GM) wheat.
The scientists:
    •  grew wheat plants with the insect poison gene in fields and in greenhouses
    •  grew wheat plants without the insect poison gene in fields and in greenhouses
    •  measured the crop yield of the wheat plants.
The bar chart shows the results.

(i)      What was the yield of the wheat with the insect poison gene grown in greenhouses?
                                     ............................................................ arbitrary units
(1)
(ii)     The yield from wheat without the insect poison gene grown in greenhouses was different from the yield you gave in (b)(i).
Describe this difference in yield.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)    Look again at the bar chart.
What advice would you give to a farmer about the type of wheat to grow in fields?
Give a reason for your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)     Some people are concerned about the use of GM crops.
Why?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Q10.          The diagram shows one way of cloning sheep.

Use words from the box to complete the sentences.
asexual	clones	different	gametes	
identical	joining	sexual	splitting	

The original embryo in the diagram developed following the ....................................... of an egg and a sperm. This is called ..................................... reproduction. The twins in the diagram have ..................................... genetic information. This is because the two embryos were produced by ..................................... reproduction. Because of this they are known as .....................................
(Total 5 marks)
 Q11.          The diagram shows a strawberry plant.
The parent plant grows side shoots.
New plants grow on the side shoots.

                                                                                                                                                                    © D.G. 
The new plants will all have the same inherited characteristics as the original parent plant.
Complete the sentences to explain why.
Use words from the box.
asexual	differentiation	embryos	fertilisation	
gametes	genes	mitosis	sexual	

(a)     The new plant is produced by ..................................................................... reproduction.
(1)
(b)     In this type of reproduction, body cells divide by ....................................................
(1)

(c)     The new plant has the same ............................................................. as the parent plant.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
 Q12.When animals die, they usually fall to the ground and decay.
In 1977 the body of a baby mammoth was discovered.
The baby mammoth died 40 000 years ago and its body froze in ice.
The picture shows the mammoth.

By Thomas Quine [CC BY-SA 2.0], via Wikimedia Commons
(a)     Explain why the body of the baby mammoth did not decay.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)     Mammoths are closely related to modern elephants.
The pictures show these two animals.
What scientists think amammoth looked like	Modern elephant	

Mammoths are extinct. What does extinct mean?
........................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................... (1)

(c)     Scientists believe they may be able to use adult cell cloning to recreate a living mammoth.
The scientists will use a skin cell from the baby mammoth.
The diagrams show how the skin cell will be used.
In each question, draw a ring around the correct answer.
(i)      What type of cell is cell A?
 
skin cell	egg cell	sperm cell	
(1)
(ii)     Part B is removed from cell A.
What part of the cell is part B?
 
nucleus	cytoplasm	cell membrane	
(1)
(iii)    After cell C is formed, it divides into embryo cells.
What is done to cell C to make it divide?
 
 	treated with enzymes.	
Cell C is	mixed with sperm cells.	
 	given an electric shock.	
(1)

(iv)    The embryo cells form a ball of cells. The ball of cells will be put into female elephant, E.
Which part of elephant E is the ball of cells put into?
 
womb	stomach	ovary	
(1)
(d)     The scientists expect any offspring of the adult cell cloning to look like a mammoth and not like an elephant.
Why?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
 M1.          sex
genes
chromosomes
nucleus                   in order
for 1 mark each
[4]
 M2.          (a)     sexual 
1
characteristic 
1
mutation 
1
chromosome
this order only
1

(b)     
four correct gains 3 marks
two or three correct gains 2 marks
one correct gains 1 mark
accept correct connection between statement and box
3
[7]
 M3.          (a)     genes
1
          chromosomes
1

(b)     (i)      higher yield
1
         less use of pesticides
1
(ii)     any two from:
•        uncertain about effects on health
•        fewer bees
•        might breed with wild plant
•        seeds only from one manufacturer
2
[6]
M4.          (a)     (i)      two
1
(ii)                mitosis
1
(b)
 	Adv.	Disadv.	
Stem cells can grow into many different kinds of body cells.		 	
Stem cells may grow out of control.	 		
Large numbers of stem cells can be grown in the laboratory.		 	
Stem cells may be used to treat some human diseases.		 	
Collecting and growing stem cells is expensive.	 		
Patients treated with stem cells need to take drugs for the rest of their life to prevent rejection.	 		

1 mark for each correctly ticked advantage up to a maximum of 
2 marks
1 mark for each correctly ticked disadvantage up to a maximum 
of 2 marks
deduct 1 mark each for every incorrect box ticked in each column up to a maximum of 2 deductions in each column
4
[6]
 M5.          (a)     
1 mark for each correct line
mark each line from left hand box
two lines from left hand box cancels mark for that box
4
[4]
 M6.         (a)      sexual
1
(b)     chromosome
1
(c)     (i)       any two from:
ignore answers that do not relate to list
•        genetic-engineering can produce fast-growing food animals
•        genetic engineering can be used to clone animals in danger of 
extinction
•        using GM animals can reduce the number of animals used in medical
research
2
(ii)     GM animals might escape and breed with wild animals
ignore answers that do not relate to list
1
animals have the right to be free from genetic modification
1
[6]

M7.          (a)     characteristics
1
genes
1
clones
1
asexual
1
(b)     (i)      tissue culture
accept other asexual methods eg runners / plantlets / dividing
accept use of (named) organ e.g. root / leaf
ignore cloning / asexual / stem cuttings / reproduction / genetic engineering
do not accept seeds / sexual reproduction
1
(ii)     embryo transplant / splitting 
ignore asexual
or
(adult cell / fusion) cloning
do not accept clones
do not accept sexual reproduction 
ignore genetic engineering
1
[6]
 M8.          (a)                 comparisons are not required but should be credited
            accept a clear indication of the statement even if incomplete
can develop into most other types of cell
1
each cell divides every 30 minutes
1
low chance of rejection by the patient’s immune system
1
(b)     any three from:
•        cheaper / only costs £1000
this must be comparative
ignore costs £1000
•        can collect many (stem) cells 
•        adults give permission for their own bone marrow to be collected 
comparisons are not required but should be credited
•        safe 						3      [6]
 M9.          (a)     insects don’t eat / damage crop
allow idea of insects carrying plant disease
1
(b)     (i)      60
1
(ii)     lower (yield)
accept ‘higher’ if answer clearly refers to wheat with transferred gene
allow yield is only 52 or goes down to 52
1
by 8 (arbitrary units)
accept ecf from (b)(i) for 2 marks
1
(iii)    grow / use wheat without insect poison (gene)
1
higher yield (in fields)
accept bigger crop / more wheat
ignore grows better
1
(c)     ignore unnatural / unethical / against religion unqualified
(concerned about)
accept specific examples given
effect on populations of (wild) flowers / insects
ignore harms the environment
1
effect of eating GM crops on human health
allow harmful to humans if eaten
1
[8]
 M10.          joining
1
sexual                                                                                                                           
1
identical
1
asexual
1
clones                                                                                                                           
1
[5]
 M11.          (a)     asexual
1

(b)     mitosis
1

(c)     genes
1
[3]
 M12.          (a)     too cold / very cold or oxygen / microbes cannot reach it
allow not enough energy / heat / warmth
ignore frozen
1
for microorganisms / microbes / bacteria / fungi / enzyme / reaction (to work)
ignore other consumers
1
(b)     no longer exist
or no more left
or died out / all died
ignore died unqualified
1

(c)     (i)        egg cell
1

(ii)     nucleus
1

(iii)    given an electric shock
1

(iv)     womb
1

(d)     has mammoth genes / chromosomes
accept genetic information / DNA / alleles / nucleus
accept converse
1
[8]