Q1.          The diagram shows an animal cell.

          (a)     Name each labelled part and give its function.
A       Name ...............................................................................................................
Function ..........................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
B       Name ..............................................................................................................
Function .........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
C       Name ..............................................................................................................
Function .........................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(6)
(b)     (i)      This plant cell also contains chloroplasts, a cell wall and a vacuole. Label each of these parts on the diagram.

(3)
(ii)     Give the function of these parts of a plant cell.
Chloroplast function .........................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Cell wall function .............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Vacuole function ..............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
 Q2.          The diagrams show a cheek cell from a human and a leaf cell from a plant.

         (a)     The two cells have a number of parts in common.
(i)      On the cheek cell, label three of these parts which both cells have.
(3)
(ii)     In the table, write the names of the three parts you have labelled above and describe the main function of each part.
Part	Function	
..................................
 	 	
..................................
 	 	
..................................

(3)

(b)     Blood contains white cells and red cells. State the function of each type of cell in the blood.
White cells .................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Red cells ....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
 Q3.         The photograph shows some cells in the root of an onion plant.

By UAF Center for Distance Education [CC BY 2.0], via Flickr
(a)      Cells X and Y have just been produced by cell division.
(i)      Name the type of cell division that produced cells X and Y.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)     What happens to the genetic material before the cell divides?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b)     A gardener wanted to produce a new variety of onion.
Explain why sexual reproduction could produce a new variety of onion.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)
 Q4.          Some students set up this experiment to investigate osmosis. They filled two pieces of dialysis [visking] tubing with different liquids and left them both in a beaker of 5% sucrose solution for an hour.

         (a)     Describe and explain the likely results after one hour.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(6)
(b)     Describe two examples where osmosis is used in living things.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q5.          The drawing shows a potato plant producing new tubers (potatoes). Buds on the stem of the parent plant produce stolons. The new tubers are formed at the ends of the stolons (stems that grow downwards).

(a)     Explain why the new tubers are genetically identical to each other.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)     Some of the tubers are used to produce potato plants. These new potato plants will not all grow to the same height.
Give one reason why.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
 Q6.          Some students set up the equipment below to investigate osmosis.

          (a)     What is osmosis?
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)     (i)      What will happen to the water level in the capillary tube during the investigation because of osmosis?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)     Use your knowledge of osmosis to explain why this happens.
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
 Q7.         The diagram shows two cells, a bacterial cell and a plant cell.

(a)      (i)      Both the bacterial cell and the plant cell contain ribosomes.
What is the function of a ribosome?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)     The plant cell contains mitochondria but the bacterial cell does not contain mitochondria.
Give one other way in which the plant cell is different from the bacterial cell.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)

(b)      (i)     Both cells are drawn the same length, but the magnification of each cell is different.
The real length of the bacterial cell is 2 micrometres.
Calculate the real length, X, of the plant cell. Give your answer in micrometres.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
                                           X = ........................................ micrometres
(2)
(ii)     Most mitochondria are about 3 micrometres in length.
The plant cell contains mitochondria but the bacterial cell does not contain mitochondria.
Use your answer to part (b)(i) and the information in the diagram to suggest why.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
 Q8.          Cells contain a solution of salts and sugars.
A student is investigating how cells change when they are put into water.
(a)     The student:
•        looks at a plant cell using a microscope
•        adds water to the cell.
The plant cell swells up.
Explain why, as fully as you can.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
(b)     When animal cells are put in water, they swell up, and then burst.
When plant cells are put in water, they swell up, but do not burst.
How does the structure of plant cells prevent them from bursting?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
 Q9.         The table shows the number of chromosomes found in each body cell of some different organisms.
 
Animals	Plants	
Species	Number of chromosomes in each body cell	Species	Number of chromosomes in each body cell	
Fruit fly	8	Tomato	24	
Goat	60	Potato	44	
Human	46	Rice	24	

(a)     Nearly every organism on earth has an even number of chromosomes in its body cells.
Suggest why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)     Chromosomes contain DNA molecules.
Describe the function of DNA.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)     Gametes are made in the testes by meiosis.
(i)     Look at the diagrams.

Which diagram, A, B, C or D, represents how cell division by meiosis produces
 
gametes in the testes?		

(1)
(ii)     How many chromosomes will each goat gamete contain?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(d)     Body cells divide by mitosis.
(i)     Why is the ability of body cells to divide important?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)     When a body cell of a potato plant divides, how many chromosomes will each of the new cells contain?
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

 
Q10.          The diagram shows a cell from a plant leaf.

(a)     Name structures A and B.
A ..................................................................................................................................
B ..................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)     Structure C is a chloroplast. What is the function of a chloroplast?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)     The table gives one difference between a plant cell and an animal cell.
          Complete the table to give two more differences.
Plant cell	Animal cell	
1. Has chloroplasts	1. No chloroplasts	
2.	2.	
3.	3.	

(2)
(Total 5 marks)
 Q11.          Cells in the human body are specialised to carry out their particular function.
(a)     The diagram shows a sperm cell.

The sperm cell is adapted for travelling to, then fertilising, an egg.
(i)      How do the mitochondria help the sperm to carry out its function?
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)     The nucleus of the sperm cell is different from the nucleus of body cells.
Give one way in which the nucleus is different.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(b)     Stem cells from human embryos are used to treat some diseases in humans.
Explain why.
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........................................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
 Q12.          The diagram shows four ways in which molecules may move into a cell and out of a cell.
The dots show the concentration of molecules.

The cell is respiring aerobically.

Write the correct letter, A, B, C or D, next to each process.
 
Process	Arrow
A, B, C or D	
The movement of oxygen molecules	 	
The movement of carbon dioxide molecules	 	
The active uptake of glucose molecules	 	

(Total 3 marks)
 Q13.          The drawing shows part of a root hair cell.

(a)     Use words from the list to label the parts of the root hair cell.
cell membrane       cell wall         cytoplasm       nucleus       vacuole
(4)
(b)     The diagram shows four ways in which molecules may move into and out of a cell. The dots show the concentration of molecules.

          The cell is respiring aerobically.
Which arrow, A, B, C or D represents:
(i)      movement of oxygen molecules;                   ....................
(ii)     movement of carbon dioxide molecules?        ....................
(2)
(c)     Name the process by which these gases move into and out of the cell.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
 Q14.         Diagrams A, B and C show cells from different parts of the human body, all drawn to the same scale.

(a)     Which cell, A, B or C, appears to have adaptations to increase diffusion into or out of 
the cell?		

Give one reason for your choice.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)     (i)      Cell C is found in the pancreas.
Name one useful substance produced by the pancreas.
...............................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)     Use information from the diagram to explain how cell C is adapted for producing this substance.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

 Q15.          The drawing shows some of the stages of reproduction in horses.

(a)     (i)      Name this type of reproduction .......................................................................
(1)
(ii)     Name the type of cell labelled A .....................................................................
(1)
(b)     Name the type of cell division taking place at the stage labelled:
(i)      B ......................................................................................................................
(ii)     C ......................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)     How does the number of chromosomes in each cell of the embryo compare with the number of chromosomes in cell A?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)     When the foal grows up it will look similar to its parents but it will not be identical to either parent.
(i)      Explain why it will look similar to its parents.
...........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................... (1)
(ii)     Explain why it will not be identical to either of its parents.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................... (2)
(Total 8 marks)
M1.          (a)     A cytoplasm
1
where (chemical) reactions take place
do not accept where cell functions take place
1
or
          carries/holds the organelles/named organelles / named chemicals (including nutrients)
do not accept keeps the shape of the cell
          or
contains water
         or
presses out on the membrane
allow: keeps cell turgid
allows transport through the cell
B membrane
do not accept by themselves:
       protects cell
       gives shape
1
controls what enters/leaves the cell
1
          or
contains the cell/holds the cell together
do not accept keeps harmful substances out
          or
allows movement into and out of the cell C nucleus
1
          contains the genetic
material/DNA/genes/chromosomes
do not accept:
       brain of the cell
       stores information/instructions
       tells cell what to do
          or
controls (the activity) of the cell
1
          (b)     (i)      one mark for each correctly labelled part
cell wall
do not accept anything inboard of the inner edge vacuole
accept anything inboard of transplant
         chloroplast: site of photosynthesis/ for photosynthesis
accept word equation or balanced equation
1
         cell wall: supports the cell/keeps the shape/keeps it rigid
do not accept protects the cells
2
(ii)     vacuole: acts as reservoir for water / chemicals/(cell)/sap
3
       or
keeps cell turgid/pushes content to
edge
or
maintains concentration gradient
or
allows cell elongation (not growth)
1
[12]
 M2.          (a)     (i)      the three features correctly labelled on
cheek cell (which are referred to in
part (ii)
label lines should touch or end very close to part no marks if leaf cell labelled
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
mitochondrion
accept mitochondria or one of these could be labelled vacuole
3
(ii)     any three from
         feature                 function
         nucleus                  controls cell
accept contains genetic material or genes or chromosomes or stores information
do not credit the brain of the cell
         cytoplasm              where respiration
occurs
accept contains food or mitochondria
                             or reactions occurs
         membrane             less water or
chemicals
accept surrounds the cell or lets some things in but not others
do not credit keeps things out or protection
                             in and or out
         mitochondria          where energy released
ecf from leaf cell labelling
accept chloroplasts make sugar or glucose
accept vacuole contains sap
accept if cell wall mis labelled on cheek cell, support or hold together
3
(b)     fight or ingest or kill bacteria or
germs or viruses or microbes
accept produce antitoxins or antibodies fight disease (organisms) 
do not credit fungus
1
          (transport) oxygen or carry
haemoglobin
accept transport carbon dioxide or helps form scabs
1
[8]
 M3.         (a)      (i)     mitosis
correct spelling only
1
(ii)     replicates / doubles / is copied / duplicates
accept cloned
ignore multiplied / reproduced
1
(b)     fertilisation occurs / fusion (of gametes) 
accept converse for asexual, eg none in asexual / just division in asexual 
1
so leading to mixing of genetic information / genes / DNA / chromosomes
genes / DNA / chromosomes / genetic information comes from 1 parent in asexual
ignore characteristics
1
one copy (of each allele / gene / chromosome) from each parent
or
gametes produced by meiosis
or
meiosis causes variation
meiosis must be spelt correctly
1
[5]
 M4.          (a)     award 3 marks per tube for each key idea
          for tube 1:
          expands or gets firmer or bigger or inflates
          it gains water
          because the concentration of water is less than its surroundings
make sure answer is about water movement and not sucrose solution
3
         for tube 2
          gets floppy or flaccid or contracts
          it loses water
          because the concentration of water is greater than its surroundings
3
(b)     any 2 from:
          uptake of water by root (hair) or
movement from cell to cell within
plant
do not credit references to diffusion unless it is clear that the candidate is referring to the diffusion of water
          guard cell function
          maintain turgor
          water absorption in the large intestine
          reabsorption of water from the
nephron or collecting duct or in
kidney or osmoregulation in kidney
allow osmosis in other animals if some use is shown
2
[8]
 M5.          (a)     grow from parents, 
by vegetative reproduction/asexual reproduction/
no sexual reproduction
for 1 mark each
2
(b)     e.g. different environmental conditions/named condition
for 1 mark
1
[3]
 M6.          (a)     movement of water [1]
          from high concentration (of water) to low concentration (of water)
or
from (an area of) dilute solution to an area of concentrated solution [1]
          through a differentially or partially or selectively or semi permeable
membrane [1]
3
(b)     (i)      it will rise
1
(ii)     water enters visking tubing [1]
         because the concentration of water outside is greater than the
concentration inside
or
because the concentration of salt or solute is greater inside the tubing than
outside [1]
or
to equalise concentration water has to enter visking tubing [2]
2
[6]
 M7.         (a)      (i)     makes / produces / synthesises protein / enzyme
1
(ii)     plant cell has nucleus / vacuole / chloroplasts / chlorophyll
or plant cell is much larger
‘It’ = plant cell
allow correct reference to DNA or chromosomes
allow plant cell has fewer ribosomes 
allow cellulose (cell wall)
1
(b)     (i)      200
correct answer with or without working gains 2 marks
if answer incorrect, allow 1 mark for  or  or 100
2
(ii)     bacterial cell is too small / bacterial cell about same size as a mitochondrion / ‘no room’
ignore references to respiration
1
[5]
 M8.          (a)     because water enters (the cell / it / named cell)
do not accept salt / sugar / solution entering
1
by osmosis / diffusion
if osmosis / diffusion not given accept concentration inside cell greater than outside cell
assume concentration refers to solute concentration unless answer indicates otherwise
allow water goes up the concentration gradient
allow water goes down its concentration gradient
do not accept if diffusion of salt / sugar
1
through a partially permeable membrane
allow semi / selectively permeable membrane or description
1
b)     (plant cells) have (cell) wall
accept animal cells have no (cell) wall
ignore reference to cell membrane
do not accept reference to other organelles or any implication that animal cells have a cell wall eg plant cells have a thicker cell wall
1
[4]
 M9.          (a)     any one from
•        chromosomes in pairs
•        inherited one of each pair from each parent
•        one of each pair in egg and one of each pair in sperm
•        so sex cells / gametes can have half the number
allow need to pair during cell division / meiosis
1
(b)     any two from:
•        code
•        combination / sequence of amino acids
•        forming specific / particular proteins / examples
If no other mark gained allow reference to controlling characteristics / appearance for 1 mark
2
c)     (i)      C
1
(ii)     30
1
(d)     (i)      for growth / repair / replacement / asexual reproduction
do not accept incorrect qualification, eg growth of cells or repair of cells
they equals cells therefore do not accept they grow etc
1
(ii)     44 or 22 pairs
1
[7]
 M10.          (a)     A = nucleus
accept phonetic spelling only
1
          B = (cell) membrane
accept plasma membrane
1
(b)     any one from:
          photosynthesis
          makes sugar / starch / carbohydrate / organic material
accept ‘makes food’
do not accept makes chlorophyll
ignore stores starch / food / light / chlorophyll
          traps or absorbs light
1

(c)     any two from:
          Plant cell	Animal cell	
• (has) vacuole or has cell sap	no vacuole or small/temporary vacuole or no cell sap	
• (has) wall/cellulose	no wall/cellulose or only membrane	
• (stores) starch or doesn't store glycogen	doesn't store/have starch or stores glycogen	

ignore reference to shape
must be clear indication in all four boxes
ignore reference to chlorophyll
2
[5]
 M11.         (a)      (i)     release energy
allow provide / supply / give energy
do not accept produce / create / generate / make energy
do not allow release energy for respiration
1
(ii)     contain half the (number of) chromosomes or contains
one set of chromosomes or contains 23 chromosomes
allow genetic information / DNA / genes / alleles instead of chromosomes
accept haploid
1
(b)     any two from:
•        (stem cells) are unspecialised / undifferentiated
allow description eg ‘no particular job’
•        are able to become differentiated
or can form other types of cell / tissue / organ
•        stem cells can / able to divide / multiply
2
[4]
 M12.          D
1
A
1
C
1
[3]
 M13.          (a)     (cell) wall
(cell) membrane
cytoplasm
vacuole
for 1 mark each
4
(b)     (i)      A
(ii)     B
for 1 mark each
2

(c)     diffusion          (reject osmosis)
for 1 mark
1
[7]
 M14.          (a)    B
no mark for ÉBÉ, alone
large(r) surface / area or large(r) membrane
accept reference to microvilli
accept reasonable descriptions of the surface
do not accept wall / cell wall
ignore villi / hairs / cilia
1
(b)     (i)      any one from:
•        insulin / hormone
if named hormone / enzyme must be correct for pancreas
•        enzyme / named enzyme
1
(ii)     many ribosomes
1
(ribosomes) produce protein
accept insulin / hormone / enzyme named is (made of) protein
or
allow many mitochondria (1)
provide energy to build protein or to make protein (1)
accept ATP for energy
1
[4]
 M15.          (a)     (i)      sexual / sex
(ii)     egg / gamete / sex cell / ovum      (reject ovule)
for 1 mark each
2

(b)     (i)      meiosis / reduction
(ii)     mitosis / somatic
for 1 mark each
2

(c)     twice as many (reject answers based on 23 / 46 chromosomes)
for one mark
1

(d)     (i)      information / genes / DNA passed from parents
(chromosomes neutral)
for one mark
1

(ii)     genes / genetic information / chromosomes from two parents 
alleles may be different
environmental effect / named may have been mutation
any two for 1 mark each
2
[8]